Table 5 Summary of congenital malformations
From: Risk factors associated with birth defects at a tertiary care center in Pakistan
| Â | Preterm | Term | Post term | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male:Female ratio | ||
N | N | N | N | N | N | |||
CNS | Hydrocephalus | 13 | 7 | 16 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1:0.43 |
Neural Tube Defects | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1:1 | |
Congenital Schwannoma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Congenital Cranipharyngioma | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
GI | Small Intestine Obstruction | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:1 |
Hirschprung Disease | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1:1 | |
Ectopic Anus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Imperforate Anus | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1:1 | |
CVS | Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.43 |
Ventricular Septal Defect | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1:0.67 | |
Atrial Septal Defect | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
ENT | Laryngeocele | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Fistula in Neck | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Congenital Torticollis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NC | |
Choanal Atresia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Eye | Aphakia | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:2 |
Retinoblastoma | 36 | 11 | 22 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.38 | |
Congenital Strabismus | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1:1 | |
Glaucoma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:1 | |
Cataract | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.2 | |
Oral Cavity | Ankyloglossia | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1:1.2 |
Palatal Fistula | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Cleft Lip Alone | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1:0.67 | |
Cleft Palate Alone | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1:3 | |
Cleft Lip+Palate | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1:0.79 | |
Musculo-skeletal System | Extra Digit | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.25 |
Syndactyly | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1:0.67 | |
Talipes Equinovarus | 12 | 3 | 25 | 15 | 3 | 7 | 1:0.63 | |
Ankylosed Hip Joint | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Urogenital System | Urethral Fistula | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1:0.17 |
Meatal Stenosis | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Penile Torniquet | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Congenital Hydrocele | 5 | 4 | 19 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 1:0.35 | |
Congenital Cryptorchidism | 15 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NC | |
Ambiguous Genitalia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Congenital Ovarian Cyst | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | NC | |
Hypospadias | 14 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 0 | NC | |
Body Wall Defects | Supraumbilical Hernia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NC |
Umbilical Hernia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.5 | |
Umbilical Polyp | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Umbilical Sinus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Epigastric Hernia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:1 | |
Inguinal Hernia | 7 | 5 | 22 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 1:0.54 | |
Multisystem Defects | Anorectal+Meatal Stenosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NC |
Anoscrotal Malformation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Others | Labial Hemangioma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.5 |
Lipodermoid Cyst | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1:2 | |
Congenital Epidermoid Cyst | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.2 | |
Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.75 | |
Congenital Angiofibroma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.5 | |
Cystic Hygroma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1:2 | |
Cystic Adenoid | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1:0.5 | |
Cystic Nodule | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.5 | |
Congenital Dermoid Cyst | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.5 | |
Bifid Nose | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
Multiple Malformations | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:0.25 | |