Table 2 Serum 25-OH-D levels and vitamin D status related to presumed risk factors for hypovitaminosis D
From: Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and predictors of vitamin D status in Italian healthy adolescents
| Â | n/total (%) | 25-OH-D, nmol/L | p | n/total (%) with vitamin D deficiency | n/total (%) with vitamin D insufficiency | n/total (%) with vitamin D sufficiency | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (range) | |||||||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 213/427 (50.0) | 48.3 (10.0; 174.7) | 0.438 | 111/213 (52.1) | 62/213 (29.1) | 40/213 (18.8) | 0.366 |
Female | 214/427 (50.0) | 50.4 (8.1; 174.3) | Â | 102/214 (47.7) | 76/214 (35.5) | 36/214 (16.8) | Â |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 238/427 (55.7) | 48.0 (10.8; 174.7) | 0.481 | 124/238 (52.1) | 73/238 (30.7) | 41/238 (17.2) | 0.583 |
Rural | 189/427 (44.3) | 50.7 (8.1; 144.8) | Â | 89/189 (47.1) | 65/189 (34.4) | 35/189 (18.5) | Â |
Season of blood withdrawal | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Winter (Jan – Mar) | 138/427 (32.3) | 41.8 (8.1; 100.9) | <0.0001 | 84/138 (60.9) | 38/138 (27.5) | 16/138 (11.6) | <0.0001 |
Spring (Apr – Jun) | 110/427 (25.8) | 47.6 (12.1; 122.3) |  | 63/110 (57.3) | 36/110 (32.7) | 11/110 (10.0) |  |
Summer (Jul – Sep) | 62/427 (14.5) | 63.7 (10.8; 174.3) |  | 21/62 (33.9) | 19/62 (30.6) | 22/62 (35.5) |  |
Fall (Oct – Dec) | 117/427 (27.4) | 55.7 (12.0; 174.7) |  | 45/117 (38.5) | 45/117 (38.5) | 28/117 (23.0) |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
White | 410/427 (96.0) | 50.6 (10.0; 174.7) | <0.0001 | 198/410 (48.3) | 137/410 (33.4) | 75/410 (18.3) | 0.005 |
Non-white | 17/427 (4.0) | 28.2 (8.1; 86.2) | Â | 15/17 (88.2) | 1/17 (5.9) | 1/17 (5.9) | Â |
Weight status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 205/366 (56.0) | 51.7 (13.5; 174.7) | 0.032 | 95/205 (46.3) | 60/205 (29.3) | 50/205 (24.4) | 0.011 |
Overweight | 78/366 (21.3) | 48.7 (10.0; 107.9) | Â | 42/78 (53.8) | 28/78 (35.9) | 8/78 (10.3) | Â |
Obese | 83/366 (22.7) | 46.0 (10.8; 94.6) | Â | 48/83 (57.8) | 27/83 (32.5) | 8/83 (9.6) | Â |
Sun exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 50/277 (18.1) | 34.6 (10.0; 97.7) | <0.0001 | 39/50 (78.0) | 9/50 (18.0) | 2/50 (4.0) | <0.0001 |
Moderate | 77/277 (27.8) | 52.4 (13.5; 174.7) | Â | 34/77 (44.2) | 29/77 (37.7) | 14/77 (18.1) | Â |
Good | 150/277 (54.1) | 54.3 (18.1; 144.8) | Â | 63/150 (42.0) | 47/150 (31.3) | 40/150 (26.7) | Â |
Use of sunscreens | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Regular | 92/277 (33.2) | 45.7 (10.0; 97.7) | <0.0001 | 58/92 (63.0) | 29/92 (31.5) | 5/92 (5.5) | <0.0001 |
Non regular | 185/277 (66.8) | 54.6 (18.1; 174.7) | Â | 78/185 (42.2) | 56/185 (30.3) | 51/185 (27.5) | Â |
Outdoor physical exercise | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 3Â hours/weeks | 173/277 (62.5) | 47.7 (12.0; 174.3) | <0.0001 | 96/173 (55.5) | 52/173 (30.1) | 25/173 (14.4) | 0.001 |
≥ 3 hours/weeks | 104/277 (37.5) | 59.5 (10.0; 174.7) |  | 38/104 (36.5) | 32/104 (30.8) | 34/104 (32.7) |  |
History of fractures | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Positive | 62/277 (22.4) | 50.1 (13.5; 95.6) | 0.376 | 30/62 (48.4) | 23/62 (37.1) | 9/62 (14.5) | 0.231 |
Negative | 215/277 (77.6) | 50.2 (10.0; 174.7) | Â | 104/205 (48.4) | 61/215 (28.4) | 50/215 (23.2) | Â |