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Table 1 Metabolomic studies that have analyzed the metabolic profiles of septic patients and of experimental animals (From ref. 6, mod.)

From: Metabolomics in the diagnosis of sepsis

Author

Population study

Sample

Metabolomic analysis

Metabolite alterations

Fanos et al. 2014

9 septic newborns vs 16 control newborns

Urine

GC-MS

1H NMR

Lactate, glucose, maltose, ribitol, ribonic acid, pseudo-uridine, 2,3,4 trihydroxybutiric acid, 2-ketpgluconic acid, 3,4 hydroxybutanoic acid, 3,4,5 trihydroxypentanoic acid <(GC-MS)

Acetate, acetone, citrate, creatinine, glycine, lactate, lysine, glucose (1H-NMR)

Mickiewicz et al. 2013

60 septic shock vs 40 SIRS vs 40 control pediatric patients

Serum

1H-NMR

2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxyisovalerate, lactate, glucose, 2-oxoisocaproate, creatine, creatinine, histidine, and phenylalanine

Schmerler et al. 2012

74 SIRS vs 69 septic vs 16 control human adults

Blood

LC-MS/MS

Acylcarnitines and glycerophosphatidylcholines

Mickiewitz et al. 2014

39 septic shock adult patients vs 20 ICU control patients

Serum

1H-NMR

Isobutyrate, phenylalanine, 2 hydroxyisovalerate, myoinositol, acetylcarnitine, creatine, lactate, valine, arginine, methanol, glucose, glycine

Liu et al. 2010

40 septic vs control rats

Plasma

UPLC–Q-TOF-MS

Hypoxanthine, indoxyl sulfate, glucuronic acid, gluconic acid, proline, uracil, nitrotyrosine, uric acid and trihydroxy cholanoic acid

Lin et al. 2009

40 septic vs 20 control rats

Serum

1H NMR

Lactate, alanine, acetate, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and formate

Izquierdo-Garcìa et al. 2011

14 septic vs 14 control rats

Lung tissue, BALF and serum

1H NMR

Alanine, creatine, phosphoethanolamine and myoinositol