Table 1 Primary baseline anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical features of the study groups

Age, years (range)

11.7 (8.0–13.5)

11.7 (8.0–13.6)

12.0 (8.2–13.5)

11.8 (8.1–13.1)

11.8 (8.0–13.2)

N° and sex (male/female)

53 (27/26)

58 (29/29)

45 (23/22)

35 (19/16)

38 (21/17)

Tanner stage

  Prepubertal, n (%)

30 (56.6)

33 (56.9)

24 (53.3)

19 (54.3)

21 (55.3)

  Pubertal, n (%)

23 (43.4)

25 (43.1)

21 (46.6)

16 (45.7)

17 (44.7)

  Prepubertal/pubertal ratio, n (%)

30/23 (56.6/43.4)

33/25 (56.9/43.1)

24/21 (53.3/46.6)

19/16 (54.3/45.7)

21/17 (55.3/44.7)

BMI, SDS

2.32 ± 0.53

2.33 ± 0.57

2.23 ± 0.57

2.27 ± 0.74

2.29 ± 0.77

Acanthosis nigricans, n (%)

7 (13.2)

8 (13.8)¹

6 (13.3)

4 (11.4)

5 (13.1)²

  Prepubertal, n (%)

2 (3.8)

3 (5.2)

2 (4.4)

1 (2.8)

2 (5.3)

  Pubertal, n (%)

5 (9.4)

5 (8.6)

4 (8.9)

3 (8.6)

3 (7.9)

Waist circumference, SDS

4.0 ± 1.4

3.9 ± 1.5

3.8 ± 1.1

4.1 ± 1.3

4.0 ± 1.3

Hip circumference, SDS

3.2 ± 1.0

3.3 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.3

3.2 ± 1.2

3.3 ± 1.2

Systolic BP, mmHg

115.9 ± 8.7

116.5 ± 8.8

118.2 ± 8.7

120.1 ± 7.9

119.8 ± 8.0

Diastolic BP, mmHg

68.2 ± 8.9

69.5.2 ± 8.9

69.4 ± 9.3

69.4 ± 8.6

69.9 ± 8.7

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

90.62 ± 4.32

91.23 ± 4.39

89.63 ± 3.17

90.90 ± 5.71

90.12 ± 5.79

Fasting insulin, μU/mL

27.60 ± 7.83

27.48 ± 7.92

26.71 ± 9.36

27.39 ± 8.61

27.46 ± 8.55

HbA1c, %, mmol/mol

5.63 ± 0.54

5.66 ± 0.57

5.70 ± 0.52

5.68 ± 0.58

5.69 ± 0.59

HOMA-IR, mean (range)

5.69 (3.60–9.92)

5.76 (3.60–10.67)

5.68 (2.00–10.90)

5.78 (4.21–8.89)

5.76 (3.21–8.89)

  Prepubertal

5.61 (3.60–8.04)

5.72 (3.60–10.67)

4.72 (2.00–8.38)

5.32 (3.25–7.98)

5.32 (3.21–7.98)

  Pubertal

7.41 (4.67–9.92)

7.39 (4.67–9.92)

6.31 (3.82–10.90)

7.19 (4.38–8.89)

7.19 (4.38–8.89)

IS_OGTT, SDS

1.40 ± 0.24

1.42 ± 0.26

1.42 ± 0.22

1.56 ± 0.48

1.58 ± 0.49

  Prepubertal

1.51 ± 0.15

1.52 ± 0.16

1.79 ± 0.55

1.56 ± 0.11

1.59 ± 0.15

  Pubertal

1.27 ± 0.27

1.29 ± 0.31

1.35 ± 0.55

1.30 ± 0.22

1.31 ± 0.23

Insulinogenic index, mean (range)

3.66 (1.90–9.25)

3.61 (1.70–9.25)

2.54 (1.91–10.2)

3.12 (1.15–9.70)

3.07 (1.13–9.70)

  Prepubertal

3.43 (2.29–9.25)

3.42 (2.29–9.25)

2.57 (1.29–10.26)

3.94 (2.51–9.70)

3.94 (2.51–9.70)

  Pubertal

2.98 (1.90–6.36)

2.95 (1.70–6.36)

1.75 (0.63–4.30)

2.25 (1.15–3.24)

2.25 (1.13–3.29)

Disposition index, mean (range)

4.42 (2.25–11.97)

4.48 (2.22–12.02)

4.01 (0.83–11.72)

3.79 (1.88–9.28)

3.84 (1.88–14.78)

  Prepubertal

5.52 (2.25–11.97)

5.55 (2.22–12.02)

4.59 (2.31–11.72)

5.68 (4.30–14.78)

5.69 (4.30–14.78)

  Pubertal

4.42 (2.99–6.76)

4.44 (2.73–6.76)

2.48 (0.83–5.67)

2.72 (1.99–3.79)

2.79 (1.88–6.39)

Glucose metabolism abnormalities, n (%)

8 (15.1)

9 (15.5)

6 (13.3)

4 (11.4)

5 (11.4)

IGT

6 (11.3)

7 (12.1)¹

5 (11.1)

4 (11.4)

4 (10.5)

T2DM

2 (3.8)

2 (3.4)

1 (2.2)

-

1 (2.6)²