First author, year | Region | Period | Study design | No. of cases/controlsa | period | Average dose (grams/d)b | OR/RR | 95 % CI | Adjustment variablesc | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carmichael, 2003 | USA | 1987–1988 | CC | 207/481 | 1 month before to 3rd month gestation | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | B, D, F, K, I | Conotruncal defects |
0.9 | 1.20 | 0.80–1.70 | ||||||||
3 | 1.60 | 0.80–3.00 | ||||||||
Ewing, 1997 | USA | 1981–1989 | CC | 641/3549 | During pregnancy | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | No | VSD |
18 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 | ||||||||
48 | 0.91 | 0.71–1.78 | ||||||||
90 | 1.25 | 0.85–1.83 | ||||||||
Fixler, 1998 | USA |  | CC | 89/82 | 3 months before to 3rd month gestation | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | No | CHD |
18 | 1.36 | 0.57–3.25 | ||||||||
42 | 1.20 | 0.48–3.02 | ||||||||
69 | 1.11 | 0.42–2.96 | ||||||||
Larsen, 2011 | Denmark | 1996–2002 | Cohort | 477/ 86783 | During pregnancy | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | A, E, F, H, P | VSD |
1.7 | 1.22 | 0.90–1.66 | ||||||||
3.4 | 1.38 | 0.83–2.28 | ||||||||
5.1 | 1.11 | 0.54–2.23 | ||||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | ASD | |||||||
1.7 | 1.03 | 0.73–1.47 | ||||||||
3.4 | 0.45 | 0.18–1.11 | ||||||||
5.1 | 0.66 | 0.27–1.62 | ||||||||
Martinez-Frias, 2004 | Spain |  | CC | 4705/4329 | During pregnancy | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | No | CHD |
15 | 1.01 | 0.76–1.34 | ||||||||
24 | 1.66 | 0.35–8.73 | ||||||||
32 | 0.82 | 0.59–1.15 | ||||||||
72 | 1.99 | 0.32–15.60 | ||||||||
116 | 11.93 | 1.62–246.00 | ||||||||
McDonald, 1992 | Canada | 1982–1984 | Cohort | 318/87389 | First trimester | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | A, B, D, F, G | CHD |
2.9 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.20 | ||||||||
8.7 | 0.96 | 0.60–1.50 | ||||||||
17.9 | 1.24 | 0.70–2.20 | ||||||||
Williams, 2004 | USA | 1968–1980 | CC | 122/3029 | 3 months before to 3rd month gestation | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | No | VSD |
4.3 | 0.95 | 0.65–1.39 | ||||||||
12 | 1.22 | 0.43–3.45 | ||||||||
22 | 3.13 | 1.19–8.22 |