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Table 3 Characteristics of 8 observational studies with dose-response data on maternal alcohol consumption and risk of CHDs

From: Association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risks of congenital heart defects in offspring: meta-analysis of epidemiological observational studies

First author, year

Region

Period

Study design

No. of cases/controlsa

period

Average dose (grams/d)b

OR/RR

95 % CI

Adjustment variablesc

Outcome

Carmichael, 2003

USA

1987–1988

CC

207/481

1 month before to 3rd month gestation

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

B, D, F, K, I

Conotruncal defects

0.9

1.20

0.80–1.70

3

1.60

0.80–3.00

Ewing, 1997

USA

1981–1989

CC

641/3549

During pregnancy

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

No

VSD

18

0.92

0.73–1.15

48

0.91

0.71–1.78

90

1.25

0.85–1.83

Fixler, 1998

USA

 

CC

89/82

3 months before to 3rd month gestation

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

No

CHD

18

1.36

0.57–3.25

42

1.20

0.48–3.02

69

1.11

0.42–2.96

Larsen, 2011

Denmark

1996–2002

Cohort

477/ 86783

During pregnancy

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

A, E, F, H, P

VSD

1.7

1.22

0.90–1.66

3.4

1.38

0.83–2.28

5.1

1.11

0.54–2.23

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

ASD

1.7

1.03

0.73–1.47

3.4

0.45

0.18–1.11

5.1

0.66

0.27–1.62

Martinez-Frias, 2004

Spain

 

CC

4705/4329

During pregnancy

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

No

CHD

15

1.01

0.76–1.34

24

1.66

0.35–8.73

32

0.82

0.59–1.15

72

1.99

0.32–15.60

116

11.93

1.62–246.00

McDonald, 1992

Canada

1982–1984

Cohort

318/87389

First trimester

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

A, B, D, F, G

CHD

2.9

0.91

0.70–1.20

8.7

0.96

0.60–1.50

17.9

1.24

0.70–2.20

Williams, 2004

USA

1968–1980

CC

122/3029

3 months before to 3rd month gestation

0

1.00

1.00–1.00

No

VSD

4.3

0.95

0.65–1.39

12

1.22

0.43–3.45

22

3.13

1.19–8.22

  1. CC case-control study, CHDs congenital heart defects, VSD Ventriculap Septal Defect, ASD Atrial Septal Defect, TOF Tetralogy of Fallot, TGA D-Transposition of the Great Arteries, HLHS Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, COA Coarctation of the Aorta, AVSD Atrioventricular Septal Defect
  2. aReported number of cases and control subjects with available exposure information
  3. bConverted into pure ethanol in grams from the original data
  4. cAdjustment variables: A maternal age, B maternal race/ethnicity, C marital status, D maternal education, E parity, F smoking, G coffee consumption, H infant’s year/month of birth, I intake of multivitamin, J stress, K folic acid intake/dietary folate, L infant gender, M maternal body mass index, N family history of congenital heart defects, O maternal residence, P maternal occupation, Q insurance, R cases and controls matched on birth hospital/geographic region, birth month/age, race, or sex