Table 2 Anthropometrical and clinical characteristics of the mother-infant dyads categorized according to the Institute of Medicine [9] guidelines
From: Gestational weight gain and fetal growth in underweight women
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2): | <18.5 | ≥18.5 < 25 | ≥25 < 29 | ≥30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight | Normal | Overweigh | Obese | |
96 (12.1) | 551 (69.4) | 107 (13.4) | 39 (4.9) | |
n. 793 | 96 (12.1) | 551 (69.5) | 107 (13.5) | 39 (4.9) |
Age, years | 31.9 ± 5.1 | 33.4 ± 4.7 | 32.8 ± 4.7 | 32.0 ± 5.2 |
Height, cm | 166.7 ± 6.0 | 165.2 ± 5.8 | 164.8 ± 6.1 | 163.7 ± 6.0 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 17.6 ± 0.7 | 21.4 ± 1.6 | 26.7 ± 1.3 | 33.3 ± 3.9 |
GWG, kg | 12.8 ± 3.9 | 12.3 ± 6.7 | 11.0 ± 4.7 | 5.8 ± 6.1# |
Parity: | ||||
Nulliparous | 51 (53.1) | 321 (58.2) | 54 (50.4) | 20 (51.2) |
2 | 31 (32.2) | 165 (29.9) | 45 (42.0) | 14 (35.9) |
> 2 | 9 (9.3) | 55 (9.9) | 7 (6.5) | 4 (10.2) |
Smoking | 6 (6.2) | 16 (2.9) | 5 (4.6) | 2 (5.1) |
Educational level: | ||||
Junior high school | 11 (11.4) | 66 (11.9) | 15 (14.0) | 6 (15.3) |
High school | 51 (53.1) | 285 (51.7) | 54 (504) | 23 (58.9) |
University degree | 31 (32.2) | 192 (34.8) | 35 (32.7) | 8 (20.5) |
Working status: | ||||
Student | 1 (1.0) | 8 (1.4) | 4 (3.7) | 1 (2.5) |
Working | 82 (85.4) | 428 (77.6) | 80 (74.7) | 17 (43.5) |
Housewife | 4 (4.1) | 79 (14.3) | 17 (15.8) | 11 (28.2) |
Unemployed | 9 (9.3) | 36 (6.5) | 4 (3.7) | 0 |
Cesarean section: | 16 (16.6) | 153 (27.7) | 31 (28.9) | 14 (35.8) |
Elective | 7 (7.2) | 79 (14.3) | 20 (18.6) | 5 (12.8) |
Vacuum extractor | 2 (2.5) | 19 (4.7) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (4.0) |
Fetal Growth: | ||||
Weight, kg | 3239.2 ± 423.5 | 3264.0 ± 421.9 | 3422.7 + 471.2* | 3458.6 ± 414.1** |
Length, cm | 49.5 ± 1.9 | 49.9 ± 1.9 | 50.0 ± 2.9° | 50.8 ± 1.7°° |
Head Circumference, cm | 33.8 ± 1.3 | 34.1 ± 1.7 | 34.5 ± 2.5^ | 34.5 ± 1.8^^ |
LGA | 2 (2.0) | 33 (5.9) | 12 (11.2) | 4 (10.2) |