Disease | Type of study | Patients | Controls | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV | Cross-sectional study | 30 HIV-infected African–American or Hispanic on ART treatment |  | Markedly abnormal trabecular plate and cortical microarchitecture, and decreased whole bone stiffness | Yin MT et al., 2014 [174] |
Cushing’s syndrome |  | 30 patients with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome |  | Lower cortical area (CoA), lower cortical thickness (CoTh), lower cortical density and lower total vBMD. | dos Santos CV et al., 2015 [175] |
JIA | Longitudinal study | 245 patients (172 females, 73 males) with JIA |  | Lower TrabBMD, muscle CSA (muscleCSA), and SSIp. In contrast, JIA showed fatCSA significantly higher than controls. but not with ERA, Longitudinally, we did not find any difference in all JIA patients in comparison with baseline, except for the SSI value that normalized. A significant negative correlation among TrabBMD and systemic and/or intraarticular corticosteroids, and a positive correlation among TNF-α-blocking agents and TrabBMD were observed. | Stagi S et al., 2014 [14] |
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | Cross-sectional study | Thirty young adults with CF |  | ↓ bone cross-sectional area and ↓ vBMD. Cortical and trabecular microarchitecture were compromised most notably involving the trabecular bone of the tibia. These differences translated into ↓ estimated bone strength both at the radius and tibia. | Putman MS et al., 2014 [176] |
 | Cross-sectional study | Twelve children with CF | Age and sex- matched controls | ↓ WBBMC with larger differences at older ages. Periosteal and endosteal circumferences were smaller in CF. Positive relationships of CoA and SSI with age were attenuated with CF. | Bai W et al., 2016 [98] |
 | Cross-sectional study | Fifty-three children with CF |  | Pre-pubertal males with CF had greater trabecular vBMD and total vBMD at 4 % tibia, and greater total vBMD at 4 % radius. Pre-pubertal females with CF had greater total vBMD at 66 % tibia and radius, and cortical vBMD at the radius. At puberty, the CF cohort had less BMC at 4 % tibia, and smaller muscleCSA at 66 % tibia. Pubertal CF females had a smaller bone CSA at 4 % tibia, and lower SSI at the tibia and radius sites. | Brookes DS et al., 2015 [99] |
Obesity | Cross-sectional study | 18 lean and 18 obese children | Â | In obese children, radial cortical porosity, cortical pore diameter, tibial trabecular thickness was lower, whereas trabecular number was higher. | Dimitri P et al., 2015 [177] |
 | Cross-sectional study | 68 subjects with early-onset severe obesity | 73 normal-weight controls | In men CoTh in proximal radius together with Tot CSA and SSI in diaphyseal tibia favored the obese over controls, while no difference was observed in other characteristics. In women, most bone characteristics were consistently higher in obese subjects compared with controls. | Viljakainen HT et al., 2015 [178] |
Klinefelter syndrome and anorchia | Cross-sectional study | 20 young adults (12 KS, 8 anorchia) | Â | Reduced tibial CoA and CoTh. Lean mass was positively associated with tibial CoA and radial total, trabecular, and volumetric density. | [Wong SC et al., 2015] [143] |
SHOX mutation carriers | Cross-sectional study | 22 SHOX mutation carriers | 22 controls | Despite a different bone geometry in radius and tibia, subjects with a SHOX mutation presented no differences in BMD or failure load compared to controls, suggesting that mutations in SHOX gene may affect bone microarchitecture albeit not bone strength | Frederiksen AL et al. 2014 [149] |
Turner syndrome | Cross-sectional study | 22 Turner girls | 21 unaffected females | According to pQCT of the radius, total vBMD Z-score and trabecular vBMD Z-score were not significantly different between the TS group and controls. A significant reduction in cortical vBMD and a trend in CoTh at the proximal radius in the TS group suggests that cortical density may be reduced with sparing of trabecular bone, possibily predisposing to fracture | Holroyd CR et al., 2010 [139] |
Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) | Â | 56 female patients | Â | Tb.BMD and SLICC/ACR-DI were independent risk factors for vertebral fracture. JSLE patients present bone microstructure and strength deficits, particularly at the distal radius. | Paupitz JA et al., 2016 [113] |
 | Longitudinal study | 56 JSLE patients |  | JSLE subjects present a reduced peak bone mass with high risk of osteoporosis in early adulthood. JSLE patients had significantly lower TrabBMD, SSI, but not muscleCSA and CBA values, while CortBMD and fatCSA were significantly increased. At longitudinal evaluation, TrabBMD, fatCSA, but not muscleCSA and CBA, remained lower in patients, but SSI and CortBMD did not differ from controls. | |
Hemophilia A and B | Cross-sectional study | 18 patients with hemophilia A and hemophilia B ($18Â year old) | Â | Lower nondominant distal tibia and radius totalBMD, trabecular BMD, and corticalBMD. In addition, PWH had significantly lower Tb.N in the distal tibia, but not radius, and increased Tb.Sp at both tibia and radius. Ct.Th was significantly lower at both sites, but not Ct.Po. | Lee A et al., 2015 [179] |
Neurofibromatosis 1 | Cross-sectional study | 18 children with NF1 | Â | Trabecular density was more severely compromised than cortical. Peripheral QCT-derived estimates of bone strength and resistance to bending and stress were poorer among children with NF1 | [Armstrong L et al., 2013] [145] |
Crohn’s disease | Cross-sectional study | 65 CD patients | 650 reference partecipants | pQCT in CD showed a marked reduction of trabecular vBMD and cortical dimensions at diagnosis; while the trabecular vBMD improved significantly diagnosis and treatment of CD, deficits in cortical dimensions progressed | Tsampalieros A et al., 2014 [101] |
 | Cross-sectional study | 10 CD patients |  | pQCT and DXA revealed important differences in the associations with auxological and disease-related factors, indicating that the measures of spine BMD may not capture disease and treatment effects on trabecular bone in IBD patients | Werkstetter KJ et al., 2013 [102] |
Hypovitaminosis D | Cross-sectional study | 333 girls, 230 boys | Â | In girls, aBMD and BMC of femoral necks, CoA, CoTh, total vBMD, and trabecular thickness were significantly correlated with 25(OH)VitD levels. In boys, aBMD of bilateral femoral necks, BMC of the dominant femoral neck, CoA, CoTh, total vBMD, trabecular vBMD, BV/TV, and trabecular separation were significantly correlated with 25(OH)Vit-D levels. | Cheung TF et al., 2016 [168] |
Nephrotic Syndrome | Cross-sectional study | 29 affected children | 29 healthy controls | Bone CSA was greater in NS group at both the metaphysis and diaphysis (p = 0.014); greater endosteal and periosteal circumferences (both p < 0.01), resulting in reduced CoTh (p = 0.018), but similar cortical CSA (p = 0.22). | Moon RJ et al., 2014 [131] |
 | Cross-sectional study | 56 NS children | >650 reference partecipants | GC therapy was associated with increases in CortBMD-Z, potentially related to suppressed bone formation and greater mineralization. Conversely, greater expansion of CortArea-Z was associated with declines in CortBMD-Z in NS. | Tsampalieros A et al., 2013 [128] |
CKD | Cross-sectional study | 88 CKD cases | >650 controls | LS and WB DXA suggested greater trabecular BMD and lower cortical BMC in CKD, consistent with pQCT results. LS-BMD-Z and TrbBMD-Z were greater in CKD, while WBBMC-Z (p < 0.0001) and CortBMC-Z (p < 0.0001) were lower than controls. | Griffin LM et al., 2012 [127] |