Fig. 3

Pain assessment in Italy and all participating countries in Europe. EU include: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. ITA = pain assessment in Italian NICU admissions, PA_EU = pain assessment in other European NICU admissions, IV = pain assessment in invasive ventilation group, NIV = pain assessment in non-invasive ventilation group, SR = pain assessment in spontaneous ventilation group. Chi-square test p < 0.001