Table 10 Indications for renal biopsy in children with NS

Before treatment

• Onset at less than 12 months or more than 12 years of age

• Initial macroscopic hematuria

• Persistent hypertension and/or microscopic hematuria and/or low plasma C3

• Secondary NS (Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.)

• NS associated with syndromes

• Renal failure not related to hypovolemia

After treatment

• Steroid Resistance