Table 1 Most common causes and associations of NCFB in pediatric age
CFTR mutations | Cystic fibrosis classic and atypical |
|---|---|
Dysregulated immune function | Primary immune-deficiency |
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia | |
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) | |
Hyper–immunoglobulin E syndrome or STAT3a deficiency | |
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) | PCD |
Kartagener Syndrome | |
Post-Infectious disease | Bacterial Pneumonia |
Recurrent respiratory tract infections | |
Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) | |
Structural congenital malformations | Congenital tracheo-broncomegaly: Mounier-Kuhn syndrome William-Campbell syndrome |
Congenital lobar emphysema | |
Bronchomalacia | |
Bronchial obstruction | Inhaled foreign body |
Tumor | |
Mycobacterium | |
Associated conditions | Recurrent aspiration secondary to neuromuscular diseases |
Tracheo-esophageal fistula or gastro-esophageal reflux | |
Others | Autoimmune diseases Inflammatory bowel disease Rheumatoid arthritis Coeliac disease |
Clinical syndromes Marfan syndrome Usher syndrome Yellow nail lymphedema syndrome Young’s syndrome |