Table 8 Indications for 25(OH)D evaluation (besides rickets) in children and adolescents as proposed by various Organizations and Societies

Frequent/low trauma fractures and/or low BMD

X

X

X

X

X

X^b

X

Calcium/phosphate metabolism abnormalities

X

X

Immobilization/disabilities

X

X

X

X

Dark skin pigmentation

X^c

X^d

X

X

X

X

X

Reduced sun exposure

X

X

X

X

X

 Athletes (indoor sports)

X

 Children institutionalized

X

X

 Constant use of sunscreens

X

Obesity

X

X^e

X

X

X

X

Inadequate diets (e.g. vegan)

X

X

X

Elimination diets (e.g. cow/s milk allergy), eating disorders

X

X

X

On anticonvulsants

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

On chronic glucocorticoids

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

On HIV medications

X

X

X

X

X

On antifungals (e.g. ketoconazole)

X

X

X

X

On rifampicin

X

X

Malabsorption syndromes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Chronic kidney disease

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Nephrotic syndrome

X

Hepatic failure and/or cholestasis

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Granulomatous disorders (e.g. tuberculosis)

X

X

X

X

Amenorrhea

X

Cancer (different types)

X^f

X

X

X

Hepatitis C^g

X

X

Recurrent acute lower respiratory tract infections^g

X

X

Atopic dermatitis^g

X

X

Atopic Asthma^g

X

X

Autoimmune diseases^h

X

Xⁱ

X

Cardiovascular diseases (especially hypertension)

X

X

Metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes

X