Table 1 Characteristics of the included studiesa
Author, year | Study design | Country | Study Interval | Cases/subjects | Exposure | Adjusted risk estimate (95% CI) | Quality | Adjustment variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infant exposure | ||||||||
Eberly,2015 [21] | R-COH | USA | 2001–2012 | 2466/1074236 | Erythromycin: 0–14 days 15–42 days 43–90 days 0–90 days Azithromycin: 0–14 days 15–42 days 0–90 days | 13.3 (6.8–25.9) 4.1 (1.69–9.91) 1.19 (0.38–3.71) 3.94 (2.44–6.36) 8.26 (2.62–26) 2.98 (1.24–7.2) 0.71 (0.36–1.43) | 9 | firstborn status, gender, and the year of the birth |
Ericson,2015 [22] | R-COH | USA | 1997–2012 | 86/20196 | Metoclopramide vs Erythromycin (0–120 days) | 0.52 (0.26–1.02) | 9 | Gestational age at birth, small-for-gestational-age status, severity of illness, and age at first medication exposure |
Lund,2014 [26] | R-COH | Denmark | 1996–2011 | 849/998529 | Erythromycin: 0–13 days 14–120 days | Rate Ratio: 29.8 (16.4–54.1) 3.24 (1.2–8.74) | 9 | birth order, gender, calendar period, current age of the infant, gestational age at birth, small for gestational age status, caesarean section, major congenital malformations, and maternal smoking during pregnancy |
Cooper, 2002 [19] | R-COH | USA | 1985–1997 | 804/314029 | Erythromycin: 3–13 days 14–27 days 28–90 days Any use | incidence rate ratio: 7.88 (1.97–31.57) 0.92 (0.13–6.57) 1.95 (0.87–4.38) 2.05 (1.06–3.97) | 9 | Child’s age, sex, and race |
Mahon, 2001 [27] | R-COH | USA | 1993–1999 | 43/14876 | Erythromycin: ≤1 week ≤2 week ≤3 months | 10.62 (4.2–26.7) 10.51 (4.5–24.7) 4.98 (2.1–11.7) | 7 | NR |
Honein,1999 [23] | R-COH | USA | Jan - Feb, 1999 | 7/282 | Erythromycin | ∞ (1·7–∞) | 6 | Not adjusted |
Ludvigsson, 2016 [4] | R-COH | Sweden | 2005–2010 | 450/582494 | Macrolides (0–120 days) | NR | 6 | NR |
Maternal use during pregnancy | ||||||||
Mahon, 2001 [27] | R-COH | USA | 1993–1999 | 43/14876 | Erythromycin: Any time during pregnancy | 1.19 (0.6–2.3) | 7 | NR |
Cooper, 2002 [20] | R-COH | USA | 1985–1997 | 679/260799 | Erythromycin: Any time during pregnancy ≥ 32 weeks Other macrolides: Any time during pregnancy ≥ 32 weeks | 1.15 (0.84–1.56) 1.17 (0.84–1.64) 2.77 (1.22–6.30) 2.45 (0.78–7.68) | 9 | sex, race, first-born status, year of birth, and infant’s postnatal prescriptions for erythromycin |
Källén, 2005 [24] | R-COH | Sweden | 1995–2002 | 464/677028 | Erythromycin: Any time during pregnancy 1st trimester | 2.51 (0.92–5.46) 3.03 (1.08–8.50) | 7 | NR |
Rookkapan, 2008 [25] | R-COH | Denmark | 1991–2005 | NR/176905 | Erythromycin: Any time during pregnancy | 1.05 (0.43–2.55) | 7 | NR |
Dinur, 2013 [18] | R-COH | Israel | 1999–2009 | 50/102831 | Macrolides: 3rd trimester | NR | 7 | Not adjusted |
Lund,2014 [26] | R-COH | Denmark | 1996–2011 | 877/999378 | Macrolides: 0–27 weeks ≥28 weeks | 1.02 (0.65–1.59) 1.77 (0.95–3.31) | 9 | birth order, sex, calendar period, and current age of the infant |
Louik, 2002 [29] | C-C | USA | 1976–1998 | 1044/1704 | Erythromycin: 1–24 weeks 25–40 weeks 33–40 weeks | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) 0.6 (0.3–1.1) 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 8 | maternal age, geographical region, study period, parity, sex of infants, gestational age |
Lin,2013 [28] | C-C | USA/Canada | 1994 to 2008 | 735/6952 | Erythromycin: 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester Macrolides: 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) 1.5 (0.4–4.8) 1.5 (0.5–5.1) 1.3 (0.6–2.8) 1.3 (0.5–3.0) 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 8 | residence and year, maternal age, race, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of congenital malformations, diabetes mellitus, first trimester cigarette smoking, peri-conceptional folic acid supplement, multiple pregnancy, infections, sexually transmitted disease, febrile events |
Maternal use after birth | ||||||||
Lund,2014 [26] | R-COH | Denmark | 1996–2011 | 849/999378 | Macrolides: 0–13 days 14–120 days | Rate Ratio: 3.49 (1.92–6.34) 0.7 (0.26–1.9) | 9 | birth order, sex, calendar period, and current age of the infant, age at birth, small for gestational age, caesarean section, major congenital malformations, and maternal smoking during pregnancy |
SØRENSEN, 2003 [2] | R-COH | Denmark | 1991–2000 | 78/35856 | Macrolides: (0–42 days) | 2.8 (0.7–11.5) | 9 | maternal age, birth order and smoking status |