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Table 1 Principal characteristics of previously reports of paediatric septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint

From: Otogenic temporomandibular septic arthritis in a child: a case report and a review of the literature

Author, year of publication

Kind of study

Age & Sex

Initial site of infection

Initial sign of TMJ infection

Imaging

Surgical treatment

Antibiotic treatment

Bacteria involved

Outcome

Hadlock TA et al., 2001 [8]

Case report

11 y, F

AOM and mastoiditis

Otalgia, trismus, left-side neck tenderness

CT scan

Mastoidectomy, myringotomy, aspiration of the TMJ

Broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics, followed by oral antibiotics. Not specified the kind of antibiotic

Group A Streptococcus

None

Amos MJ et al., 2007 [9]

Case report

6 y, F

Suspected AOM

Otalgia, facial swelling, fever, jaw pain

Orthopantomogram;

Ultrasound scan

Aspiration of the TMJ

Flucloxacillin and metronidazole

Unknown

None

Gayle EA et al., 2013 [10]

Case report

6 y, M

AOM

Fever, otalgia, rhinorrhoea, vomiting, trismus

CT scan

Arthrocentesis

Intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate

Group A Streptococcus

None

Bast F et al., 2015 [6]

Case report

7 y, M

AOM

Pain, swelling, trismus

MRI

2 aspiration and washout of the TMJ

Intravenous ceftriaxone

Group A Streptococcus

None

Tsai C et al., 2017 [11]

Case report

5 y, M

AOM

Fever, otalgia, swelling, trismus

CT scan (that revealed concomitant Luc’s abscess)

TMJ arthrotomy

Intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate

Group A Streptococcus

None

Dubron K et al., 2017 [12]

Case report

7 y, M

AOM

Otalgia, trismus

CT scan

Arthrocentesis

Intravenous amoxicillin/clavulanate

Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus epidermidis

None

Luscan et al., 2016 [15]

Prospective

15 of the 45 patients enrolled

Otomastoiditis

Unknown

CT scan

Not available

Unknown

Unknown

2 patients presented TMJ ankylosis

Burgess et al., 2017 [16]

Retrospective

9 patients, 6 M, mean age 2.1 y

Acute mastoiditis in 7 cases, AOM in 2 cases

Preauricular swelling (5 cases), trismus (1 case)

CT scan

Surgical drainage, mastoidectomy

Antibiotic treatment (not clarify)

Fusubacterium necrophorum (3 cases)

Long-term ankylosis in 6 cases