Table 3 Diagnostic tests for CIU [7, 25, 140, 141]
From: Management of chronic urticaria in children: a clinical guideline
Type of urticaria | Site | Test | Time to read results |
|---|---|---|---|
Dermographism | Volar surface of the forearm or superior surface of the back | Rub with a blunt smooth object (pen, dermatographometer, 36 g/mm2) | 10 min |
Cold urticaria | Volar surface of the forearm | Ice cube in a plastic or a thin film for 5 min; TempTest® | 10 min |
Heat urticaria | Volar surface of the forearm | Heat source at 45 °C (es: TempTest®, tube with hot water) for 5 min | 10 min |
Delayed pressure urticaria | Back or thigh or volar surface of the forearm | Weight over arm or shoulder (7 kg backpack) for 15 min. Dermographometer 100 g/mm2 for 70 s in research | 6 h (0.5–12 h) |
Solar urticaria | Covered skin: glutes | UVA (6 J/cm2), UVB rays (60 mJ/cm2), direct light | 10 min |
Vibratory urticaria/angioedema | Volar surface of the forearm | Vortex for 5 min at 1000 rpm | 10 min |
Cholinergic urticaria | 1. Exercise test (free run or tapis roulant or cyclette) for 15–30 min. 2. Immersion of body or arm in water at 42 °C for ≥15 min after increasing body temperature ≥ 1 °C higher than basal temperature | During the tests and 10 min after the end | |
Aquagenic urticaria | Trunk | Compress with 35–37 °C water for 20–30 min | At the end of the test |
Contact urticaria | Back or forearm | Skin prick test Patch test | 15 min 15 min-48-72 h |