Table 1 Changes in DNA methylation and the effects on HB
Gene | Methylation status of promoter | Possible mechanisms | Effects on HB |
|---|---|---|---|
RASSF1A | hypermethylation | Hippo pathway | metastasis; poor responsiveness to chemotherapy; With poor prognosis; |
hypermethylation | JAK/STAT pathway | Tumor formation and growth; Liver regeneration | |
APC [25] | hypermethylation | Wnt/β-Catenin pathway | Tumorigenesis |
hypermethylation | Hh pathway | Tumor growth; Angiogenesis; | |
P16 | hypermethylation | Cell cycle | Tumorigenesis or no effect |
MT1G | hypermethylation | PI3K/Akt pathway | With poor prognosis |
NDRG2 [28] | hypermethylation | ERK1/2 pathway; | With poor prognosis; Metastasis |
GPR180 | hypermethylation | Unknown | Metastasis |
MST1R | hypermethylation | Unknown | Metastasis |
OCIAD2 [29] | hypermethylation | AKT pathway | metastasis; Tumor growth and invasion |
PARP6 | hypermethylation | Unknown | metastasis |
AFP | hypomethylation | Hippo pathway | Diagnostic biomarker; Prognostic biomarker; Follow-up indicator; Chemotherapy responsiveness indicator |
KLK4 | hypomethylation | Unknown | Tumorigenesis |
MYCN | hypomethylation | Unknown | Tumor growth |
PLAG1 | Loss of imprinting | IGF2 pathway | With poor prognosis; Tumorigenesis |
H19/IGF2 | Loss of imprinting | IGF2 pathway | Tumorigenesis |
IGFBP3 | hypermethylation | IGF2 pathway | Tumorigenesis |