Table 1 Data from the reported cases of Candida thrombophlebitis in pediatric patients

Wiley/1977/USA [5]

PN / F

tracheoesophageal fistula, gastrostomy, cardiopulmunary arrests, aspiration pneumonia

CVC, TPN, ICU, surgery, AB

C. albicans

C. parapsilosis

SVC, RV

edema of the face and neck

amfotericin B5,

flucytosine

died

Miller/1981/USA [6]

18 mo / M

acute undifferentiated leukemia

CVC, cancer, CT, AB

C. albicans

axillary and subclavian vein

fever

antifungal therapy (n.s.)

survived

10 y / F

acute myeloid leukemia

CVC, cancer

C. tropicalis

giugular vein

fever

antinfungal agents (n.s)

survived

Torres-Rojas/1982/USA [18]

11 y / F

acute rheumatic fever

AB, steroids

C. albicans.

n.s.

fever

amphotericin B,

5-fluorocytosine,

excision of vein

survived

Malfroot/1986/Belgium [20]

17 y / M

CF, pneumonia

AB, CVC, advanced pulmonary disease

C. albicans

basilica vein

fever, phlebitis

amphotericin B,

flucytosine,

surgical excision

survived

Lacey/1988/USA [7]

13 mo/NR

broncopulmonary displasia, ECMO survivor

AB, TPN, CVC

C. albicans

IVC

sepsis, head and neck swelling

amphotericin B,

5 fluorocytosine,

streptokinase

survived

4 mo / NR

midgut volvulus

AB, TPN, CVC

C. tropicalis

SVC, IVC

sepsis, head and neck swelling

amphotericin B

5 fluorocytosine

streptokinase

survived

4 mo / NR

pentalogy of Cantrell

AB, TPN, CVC

C. albicans

SVC

sepsis, head and neck swelling

amphotericin-B,

5 fluorocytosine,

streptokinase

survived

11 mo / NR

Hirschsprung’s disease

AB, TPN, CVC

C. albicans

SVC, IVC

sepsis, head and neck swelling

amphotericin B,

5 fluorocytosine, streptokinase

survived

Cotton/1988/Rep. of South Africa [8]

PN / F

hyaline membrane disease

assisted ventilation, AB

C. parapsilosis

vein of the dorsum of the foot

phlebitis

amphotericin B,

surgical excision

survived

Berg/1989/USA [9]

5 y / F

burns and surgical debridement, sepsis, pneumonia

wound infection, ICU, AB, CVC

C. albicans

iliac and femoral veins, IVC

sepsis, phlebitis

amphotericinB, flucytosine,

heparin

survived

Ashkenazi/1990/USA [10]

4 mo / M

upper respiratory tract infection, respiratory distress (by RSV), double aortic arch

CVC, surgery, ICU, AB

C. tropicalis

IVC, renal vein

fever

amphotericin B,

heparin

survived

Cherrick/1995/USA [11]

16 mo/M

neuroblastoma, sepsis

CVC, AB, TPN, CT

C. albicans

innominate vein

fever, respiratory distress

amphotericin B, flucytosine,

streptokinase

survived

Friedland/1996/Rep. of South Africa [12]

6 mo / NR

diarrhea, sepsis

n.s.

C. parapsilosis

cubital vein

fever

fluconazole

survived

3 mo / NR

diarrhea

malnutrition

C. parapsilosis

cubital vein

phlebitis

flucanazole,

incision and drainage

survived

7 mo / NR

pneumonia

n.s.

C. albicans

forearm vein

phlebitis

fluconazole

survived

22 mo / NR

prematurity

prematurity

C. albicans

cubital

phlebitis

fluconazole,

incision and drainage

survived

4 mo / NR

diarrhea

n.s.

C. parapsilosis

hand vein

phlebitis

fluconazole, aspiration

survived

8 mo / NR

diarrhea, HIV

HIV

C. parapsilosis

cubital vein

phlebitis

amphotericin B, aspiration

survived

9 mo / NR

diarrhea

TPN

C. parapsilosis

cubital vein

phlebitis

amphotericin B,

incision and drainage

survived

Garcia/1997/France [19]

14 y / F

ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest

ICU, CVC, MAV

C. albicans

left subclavian vein, right giugula, SVC, RA

fever

amphotericin B, flucytosine, heparin,

caval thrombectomy

survived

Pacifico/2004/Italy [13]

PN / M

respiratory distress, prematurity

tri-twin pregnancy, prematurity, CVC, NICU, AB, MAV, maternal fever

C. albicans

right and main portal veins

abdominal distension

amphotericin B, fluconazole

survived

PN / M

prematurity, maternal fever

prematurity, NICU, CVC, MAV, AB

C. albicans

main portal vein

fever, abdominal distension

amphotericin B

survived

Sharma/2009/USA [14]

PN / M

prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus, respiratory distress syndrome, intestinal perforation

prematurity, AB, surgery, CVC

C. albicans

RA, IVC

NR

liposomal amphotericin B, caspofungin, heparin

died

Giuffrè/2016/Italy [15]

PN / NR

prematurity

prematurity, TPN, UVC, intestinal occlusion, MTHFR gene mutation (C677T), homozygous PAI-1 gene polymorphism (4G/4G)

C. parapsilosis

umbilical vein and left branch of the hepatic portal vein

perihepatic abscess

drainage of the collection, removal of umbilical vessels, micafungin

survived

Manish/2017/India [16]

4 y / F

diabetic ketoacidosis

ICU, MAV, CVC

C. albicans

C. tropical

right external iliac vein, common femoral, deep femoral vein

fever

fluconazole

survived

Schapkaitz/2019/Rep. of South Africa [17]

5 y/F

CF, respiratory infection, AB

CVC, AB

C. parapsilosis

endocarditis, SVC, RA

fever

amphotericin B, fluconazole

survived

present case/2020/Italy

2 y / F

respiratory infection, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema

CVC, ICU, AB

C. albicans

left iliac-femoral axis

fever, edema of leg

liposomial amphotericin B, caspofungin, enoxaparin

survived