Table 1 Characteristics of research articles included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, 2020
S. No | Author | Publi cation year | Country | Continent | Income level | Sample size | SHD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Appiah J et al. [24] | 2018 | South Africa | Africa | Upper-middle income | 83 | 62.65 |
2 | Shikuku DN et al. [25] | 2018 | Kenya | Africa | Lower-middle income | 24 | 45.83 |
3 | Alten et al. [26] | 2017 | North America | America | High income | 470 | 54.04 |
4 | Anton-Martin P et al. [27] | 2020 | United states | America | High income | 73 | 43.84 |
5 | Barbaro RP et al. [28] | 2017 | United states | America | High income | 8575 | 41.94 |
6 | Berg et al. [29] | 2016 | United states | America | High income | 139 | 45.32 |
7 | Berg et al. [30] | 2018 | United states | America | High income | 164 | 46.95 |
8 | Beshish AG et al. [31] | 2018 | Michigan | America | High income | 80 | 47.50 |
9 | Brown S et al. [32] | 2018 | Washington | America | High income | 52 | 48.08 |
10 | Burke CR et al. [33] | 2017 | United states | America | High income | 53 | 49.06 |
11 | Foglia et al. [34] | 2017 | Pennsylvania | America | High income | 113 | 61.06 |
12 | Geisser D et al. [35] | 2019 | Massachusetts | America | High income | 295 | 41.69 |
13 | Holmberg et al. [36] | 2019 | United states | America | High income | 13,184 | 45.50 |
14 | Hornik et al. [37] | 2016 | North America | America | High income | 2231 | 50.52 |
15 | Shakoor A et al. [38] | 2019 | New York | America | High income | 70 | 54.29 |
16 | Torres-Andres et al. [39] | 2018 | United states | America | High income | 55 | 67.27 |
17 | Assar S et al. [40] | 2016 | Iran | Asia | Upper-middle income | 279 | 11.83 |
18 | Chen GL et al. [41] | 2018 | Asia pacific | Asia | Low income | 321 | 50.78 |
19 | Erek et al. [42] | 2017 | Turkey | Asia | Upper-middle income | 25 | 20.00 |
20 | Kabbani et al. [16] | 2019 | Saudi Arabia | Asia | High income | 15 | 80.00 |
21 | Mok YH et al. [43] | 2016 | Singapore | Asia | High income | 51 | 45.10 |
22 | Rathore V et al. [44] | 2016 | North India | Asia | Lower-middle income | 314 | 14.01 |
23 | Adamski J et al. [45] | 2016 | Poland | Europe | High income | 285 | 53.33 |
24 | Kramer P et al. [46] | 2020 | Germany | Europe | High income | 72 | 36.11 |
25 | Skellett S et al. [47] | 2020 | United kingdom | Europe | High income | 1456 | 54.19 |