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Table 3 Signs of micronutrients deficit in infants and children parentally fed and recommended doses for parenteral supply in the same population [66, 67]

From: Macronutrient balance and micronutrient amounts through growth and development

 

Signs of deficiency

Infants

Children and adolescents

Vitamin A

night blindness

150–300 μg/Kg/die

150 μg/die

Vitamin D

ricket

400 IU/die

400–600 IU/die

Vitamin E

cholestasis, liver damage

2,8–3,5 mg/die

11 mg/die

Vitamin K

bleeding

10 μg/Kg/die

200 μg/die

Vitamin C

mucosal bleeding, scurvy

10–25 mg/Kg/die

80 mg/die

Thiamine B1

Beri-beri, lactic acidosis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy

0,35–0,5 mg/Kg/die

1,2 mg/die

Riboflavin

mucosal hyperemia, stomatitis, dermatitis, anemia, eye disorders

0,15–0,2 mg/Kg/die

1,4 mg/die

Pyridoxine B6

dermatitis, seizures, hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, depression, encephalopathy

0,15–0,2 mg/Kg/die

1 mg/Kg/die

Niacin

Pellagra (skin, intestinal and neurological problems)

4–6.8 mg/Kg/die

17 mg/die

Vitamin B12

megaloblastic anemia, neurological disorders

0,3 μg/Kg/die

1 μg/die

Biotin B8

lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, alopecia, dermatitis, anorexia, pallor, glossitis, nausea, hyperesthesia, muscle pain, hypercholesterolemia

5–8 μg/Kg/die

20 μg/die

Folic acid

hyperhomocysteinemia, megaloblastic anemia

56 μg/Kg/die

140 μg/die

Iron

anemia

50–100 μg/Kg/die

50–100 μg/Kg/die

Zinc

stunted growth, infections, typical skin rash

100–250 μg/Kg/die

50 μg/Kg/die

Iodine

impaired thyroid function

1 μg/Kg/die

1 μg/Kg/die

Selenium

erythrocyte macrocytosis, depigmentation, muscle weakness

2–3 μg/Kg/die

2–3 μg/Kg/die