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Table 1 Italian Containment Measures

From: The impact of National Containment Measures on a Pediatric Italian regional Hub for COVID-19, an observational study

Lockdown

From March 9th, 2020 to April 25th, 2020

Since March 5th, 2020, Universities and Italian schools have been closed. On March 9th, the first national Lockdown in Europe was declared in Italy. The Italian Ministry of Health recommended, in case of fever or respiratory symptoms, to avoid direct access to Emergency Departments (ED), in favor of phone consultation and home care for patients with mild or moderate diseases [11].

Phase 2

From April 26th, 2020 to June 10th, 2020

On April 26th, 2020 started a progressive reduction of the containment measures, resuming manufacturing, construction, wholesale activities, and allowing the opening of public parks, visits to relatives within the regional territory and outdoor physical activity [12].

Phase 3

From June 11th, 2020 to 13th September, 2020

From June 11th the Italian Government, comforted by the decline in the numbers of infected people, decided to reopen of gyms, barbers, beauty salons, bars, restaurants and bathing establishments. During summer the Italian Government gave the go-ahead to the relaunching of contact sports, summer camps for children, clubs, ballrooms and finally the possibility of moving between different regions. Moreover, the use of protective face masks was non-mandatory in public, except in crowded areas and stores [13].

Phase 4

From September 14th,2020 to November 2nd, 2020

On September 14th, 2020 the Italian Containment Measures became less stringent, schools and university were reopened, regardless of criticism of a part of public opinion, for the risk of being infected during the lessons and on public transports due to their use over the maximum capacity [14,15,16].

New Containment Measures

From November 3rd, 2020 to December 1st, 2020

Due to a new alarming increase of SARS-Cov2 infection, probably as a result of the excessive relaxation of preventing measures, Italian Prime Minister announced, on November 3rd, 2020 the New Containment Measures which provided the introduction of three different areas in the country, based on different restriction measures, from the red areas (maximum risk) to the yellow areas (lower risk) [17, 18].