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Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of increased sleep disorders in children after COVID-19 outbreak. Results are presented as odds ratios (standard errors)

From: Sleep disorders reveal distress among children and adolescents during the Covid-19 first wave: results of a large web-based Italian survey

Characteristic

Difficulty

falling asleep

Difficulty

staying asleep

Nightmares

and terrors

Female sex (ref: male)

1.09 (0.12)

1.28 (0.16)*

·

Economic status (ref: well-off)

 Somewhat difficult but overall satisfactory

1.17 (0.08)*

1.14 (0.08)

1.09 (0.08)

 Difficult/unsustainable

1.38 (0.22)*

1.38 (0.19)*

1.29 (0.19)

Age of the youngest or only child, y (ref: ≤2)

 3–5

·

0.72 (0.06)**

0.66 (0.06)**

 6–10

·

0.54 (0.05)**

0.47 (0.04)**

 11–14

·

0.45 (0.05)**

0.24 (0.04)**

 > 14

·

0.59 (0.08)**

0.17 (0.04)**

Children with disorders or disabilities (ref: no)

 Learning disabilities

1.06 (0.17)

1.32 (0.20)

·

 Other disabilities

1.01 (0.26)

1.51 (0.37)

·

 Chronic conditions

1.52 (0.45)

1.83 (0.53)*

·

 Autism spectrum disorders

1.05 (0.38)

1.42 (0.45)

·

 Multiple conditions

2.60 (1.21)*

1.77 (0.57)

·

 Unspecified

1.04 (0.18)

1.00 (0.17)

·

Job type (ref: health-care worker)

 Clerk

1.18 (0.24)

1.52 (0.32)*

·

 Retired

1.21 (0.26)

1.37 (0.31)

·

 Homemaker

1.04 (0.22)

1.41 (0.32)

·

 Laborer

0.76 (0.18)

1.23 (0.30)

·

 Freelancer

1.15 (0.28)

1.40 (0.34)

·

 Dealer

1.37 (0.39)

1.15 (0.34)

·

 Other

0.93 (0.20)

1.23 (0.28)

·

 Either parent has lost their job (ref: no)

1.25 (0.22)

1.63 (0.24)**

1.48 (0.22)*

How the parent sees her/his means after the pandemic (ref: better/unchanged)

 More difficult

1.28 (0.08)**

1.40 (0.10)**

1.14 (0.09)

 Much more difficult/seriously at risk

1.43 (0.21)*

1.60 (0.21)**

1.13 (0.16)

 Increased worry about running out of food (ref: no)

1.06 (0.12)

1.09 (0.11)

1.08 (0.12)

 Running out of food more often (ref: no)

2.21 (0.66)**

2.16 (0.43)**

1.31 (0.27)

Changes in children’s food intake (ref: no)

 More food

1.80 (0.14)**

1.83 (0.13)**

1.56 (0.12)**

 Less food

2.02 (0.21)**

2.16 (0.19)**

1.62 (0.16)**

 Children have missed going to school (ref: no)

·

1.13 (0.08)

0.88 (0.07)

 Children have missed outdoor activities (ref: no)

1.43 (0.09)**

1.16 (0.07)*

1.26 (0.09)**

 Children have missed meeting friends (ref: no)

1.14 (0.09)

0.92 (0.07)

1.08 (0.08)

 Children have missed playing sports (ref: no)

0.89 (0.06)

·

0.92 (0.07)

Any mood swing in your children? (ref: no)

 Yes, more nervous, troubled, or sad

3.16 (0.22)**

4.85 (0.52)**

2.11 (0.23)**

 Yes, their mood has improved

0.87 (0.15)

0.45 (0.18)*

1.23 (0.35)

Did your children have feelings of loneliness? (ref: no)

 Yes, not putting it into words

1.85 (0.14)**

1.83 (0.16)**

2.10 (0.21)**

 Yes, putting it into words

1.97 (0.15)**

2.11 (0.18)**

2.05 (0.20)**

Constant

0.28 (0.07)**

0.03 (0.01)**

0.08 (0.01)**

  1. Note: “·” denotes independent variables there were discarded in preliminary bivariate analysis (P > 0.15)
  2. *Significant at the 5% level (P ≤ 0.05); **Significant at the 1% level (P ≤ 0.01)