|
Stunting
|
Random intercept model
|
Community level factors
|
House hold and individual factors
|
Full model
|
|---|
|
Region
|
|
Urban
| |
1
| |
1
|
|
Rural
| |
1.76 (1.24–2.48)
| |
1.62 (1.14–2.30)**
|
|
Developing
| |
1.23 (0.87–1.74)
| |
1.23 (0.86–1.76)
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
| |
1
| |
1
|
|
Rural
| |
1.35 (0.96–1.90)
| |
0.78 (0.51–1.18)
|
|
Community literacy
|
|
Literate
| |
1
| |
1
|
|
Illiterate
| |
0.80 (0.66–0.957)
| |
0.90 (0.73–1.11)
|
|
Community poverty index
|
|
In poverty
| |
1
| |
1
|
|
> poverty
| |
1.37 (1.14–1.65)
| |
1.08 (0.86–1.36)
|
|
wealth index
|
|
Richest
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Richer
| | |
1.43 (1.03–1.97)**
|
1.37 (0.97–1.93)
|
|
Middle
| | |
1.80 (1.30–2.50)**
|
1.84 (1.27–2.67)**
|
|
Poorer
| | |
2.11 (1.51–2.95)**
|
2.13 (1.45–3.14)**
|
|
Poorest
| | |
2.44 (1.76–3.39)**
|
2.52 (1.72–3.68)**
|
|
Water source
|
|
Improved
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Un improved
| | |
0.88 (0.73–1.06)
|
0.87 (0.72–1.05)
|
|
Toilet
|
|
Improved
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Un improved
| | |
1.12 (0.78–1.613)
|
1.11 (0.76–1.61)
|
|
Maternal age
|
|
15–19
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
20–35
| | |
0.54 (0.34–0.85)
|
0.51 (0.32–0.81)**
|
|
36–49
| | |
0.48 (0.29–0.80)
|
0.41 (0.24–0.71)**
|
|
Maternal height
| | |
0.95 (0.93–0.96)
|
0.95 (0.93–0.96)**
|
|
Maternal Education
|
|
No-education
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Primary
| | |
0.80 (0.67–0.950)*
|
0.84 (0.67–1.02)
|
|
Secondary
| | |
0.62 (0.42–0.92)*
|
0.68 (0.45–1.02)
|
|
Higher
| | |
0.35 (0.19–0.66)**
|
0.38 (0.20–0.74)**
|
|
Maternal BMI
|
|
Normal
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Under-weight
| | |
0.49 (0.35–0.69)
|
0.52 (0.37–0.72)**
|
|
Over-weight
| | |
3.33 (2.15–5.17)
|
3.43 (2.21–5.33)**
|
|
Child age (months)
|
|
6–12
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
12–23
| | |
3.64 (2.55–5.21)
|
3.72 (2.59–5.32)**
|
|
24–35
| | |
5.43 (3.90–7.56)
|
5.52 (3.95–7.71)**
|
|
36–47
| | |
5.12 (3.65–7.16)
|
5.17 (3.68–7.26)**
|
|
48–59
| | |
3.98 (2.82–5.60)
|
4.11 (2.89–5.83)**
|
|
Child sex
|
|
Female
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
Male
| | |
1.28 (1.10–1.49)
|
1.26 (1.09–1.46)**
|
|
Birth order
|
|
1 to 2
| | |
1
|
1
|
|
3 to 4
| | |
0.96 (0.77–1.18)
|
0.94 (0.76–1.16)
|
|
5 and above
| | |
1.24 (0.98–1.55)
|
1.20 (0.96–1.51)
|
|
Cut points
|
|
Cut point 1
|
1.66 (1.51–1.83)
|
1.30 (1.00–1.60)
|
−6.65(−8.98,-4.31)
|
−6.42(−8.78,-4.07)
|
|
Cut point 2
|
1.71 (1.59–1.82)
|
1.50 (2.19–2.80)
|
−5.34(−7.66,-3.01)
|
−5.12(−7.46,-2.78)
|
|
Cluster variance(θ)
|
0.45 (0.34–0.60)
|
0.38 (0.29–0.50)**
|
0.41 (0.31–0.53)**
|
0.40 (0.30–0.52)**
|
|
Median OR
|
1.90 (1.75–2.09)
|
1.80 (1.67–1.96)
|
1.84 (1.70–2.01)
|
1.83 (1.69–2.00)**
|
|
ICC (VPC)
|
0.12 (0.09–0.15)**
|
0.10 (0.08–0.13)**
|
0 .11 (0.09–0.14)**
|
0.11 (0.08–0.14)**
|
|
PCV
| |
15.56%
|
8.89%
|
11.11%
|
- Note: * indicates statistical significance less than 0.05
- ** indicates statistical significance less than 0.01
