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Table 1 Differential diagnosis of hyperinsulinism in newborns [6,7,8,9,10]

From: Cardiac hypertrophy and insulin therapy in a pre-term newborn: is there a relationship?

Disease

Hyperinsulinism type

Hyperinsulinism trigger cause/etiology

Transient Congenital hyperinsulinism

Transient

- Maternal Stress

- Asphyxia

- Intrauterine growth restriction

Persistent Congenital hyperinsulinism (also named persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy)

Persistent

Genetic disorders with mutations in the Kir6.2 (KCNJ11 gene, omim #600937) and SUR1 (ABCC8 gene, omim #600509) that cause a focal or diffuse overproduction of insulin in the pancreas

Maternal Diabetes

Transient

Gestational diabetes

Hyperinsulinism drug-related

Transient

Excessive infusion of insulin

Congenital disorders of glycosylation

Persistent

Autosomal recessive disorders characterized by defective biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides or compromised processing of protein-bound oligo- saccharides

Becwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Persistent

Complex multigenic hyperinsulinism syndrome caused by dysregulation of imprinted growth regulatory genes within the chromosome 11p15 region, including increased activity of the IGF-2 gene in several tissues

Costello syndrome

Persistent

Congenital hyperinsulinism syndrome caused by mu- tations in the HRAS proto-oncogene