| Males (n = 384) | Females (n = 221) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Children’s characteristics | |||
 Age (years), \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\left(\mathrm{S}\right)\) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.2) | 0.919 |
 Birth weight (kg), \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\left(\mathrm{S}\right)\) | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | 0.652 |
Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, median (P25, P75) | |||
 Height (cm) | 111.4 (105.0, 118.0) | 110.5 (102.5, 117.2) | 0.227 |
 Weight (kg) | 10.4 (8.8, 12.6) | 10.1 (8.3, 12.2) | 0.094 |
 WC (cm) | 54.9 (51.0, 62.0) | 55.0 (51.0, 62.0) | 0.748 |
 BMI | 16.8 (15.4, 19.5) | 16.7 (15.4, 19.2) | 0.396 |
 WHtR | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.50 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.529 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 90.0 (85.0, 99.0) | 90.0 (84.0, 96.0) | 0.273 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 60.0 (50.0, 62.0) | 60.0 (50.0, 60.0) | 0.139 |
Weight and blood pressure status, n (%) | |||
 Healthy weight | 188 (49.0) | 114 (51.6) |  |
 Overweight | 54 (14.1) | 31 (14.0) | 0.797 |
 Obesity | 142 (37.0) | 76 (34.4) |  |
 WHtR ≥0.5 | 197 (51.3) | 111 (50.2) | 0.841 |
 WC ≥ P80 | 209 (54.5) | 132 (59.7) | 0.184 |
 Elevated BP | 69 (18.0) | 38 (17.2) | 0.783 |
Food preferences, n (%) | |||
 Puffed foods ≥ once per week | 175 (45.7) | 107 (48.6) | 0.505 |
 Deep-fried foods ≥ twice per week | 59 (15.3) | 33 (15.1) | 0.947 |
 Potatoes and other root vegetables ≥4 times per week | 168 (43.8) | 94 (42.5) | 0.769 |
 Milk ≥6 times per week | 179 (46.6) | 107 (48.4) | 0.729 |
 Nuts ≥3 times per week | 299 (77.9) | 180 (81.4) | 0.365 |
 Sweets ≥3 times per week | 101 (26.3) | 60 (27.1) | 0.82 |
 Eating wheat and wheat products as their staple food | 54 (14.1) | 36 (16.3) | 0.459 |
Eating habits, n (%) | |||
 Appetite | |||
  Good | 239 (62.2) | 131 (59.3) |  |
  Average | 135 (35.2) | 77 (34.8) | 0.139 |
  Poor | 10 (2.6) | 13 (5.4) |  |
 Eating speed | |||
  Fast | 90 (23.4) | 41 (18.5) |  |
  Average | 220 (57.3) | 123 (55.7) | 0.088 |
  Slow | 74 (19.3) | 57 (25.8) |  |
 Eating while watching TV | 167 (43.5) | 93 (42.1) | 0.648 |
 Snacking while watching TV | 142 (37.0) | 98 (44.5) | 0.067 |
Other behaviours, median (P25, P75) | |||
 Sleep (hours) | 11.0 (10.1, 12.0) | 11.0 (10.0, 12.0) | 0.124 |
 Physical activity (hours) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.601 |
Parental characteristics | |||
 Parental BMI, median (P25, P75) | |||
  Maternal BMI | 22.0 (20.3, 24.1) | 22.0 (20.4, 23.9) | 0.730 |
  Paternal BMI | 25.1 (22.8, 27.8) | 25.5 (23.1, 28.0) | 0.876 |
Familial monthly income (Â¥), n (%) | |||
  < 3000 | 22 (5.7) | 20 (9.0) | 0.237 |
 3000 to 5000 | 90 (23.4) | 45 (20.4) |  |
 5000 to 8000 | 130 (33.9) | 65 (29.4) |  |
  > 8000 | 142 (37.0) | 91 (41.2) |  |
Parental education level, n (%) | |||
 Secondary school or less | 110 (28.7) | 54 (24.4) | 0.510 |
 College or Bachelor’s degree | 240 (62.5) | 145 (65.6) |  |
 Graduate degree | 34 (8.9) | 22 (10.0) |  |
Maternal education level, n (%) | |||
 Secondary school or less | 104 (27.1) | 54 (24.4) | 0.298 |
 College or Bachelor’s degree | 242 (63.0) | 152 (68.8) |  |
 Graduate degree | 38 (9.9) | 15 (6.8) |  |
Parental control and guidance, n (%) | |||
 Parental encouragement to eat a diverse range of foods | 202 (52.6) | 116 (52.5) | 0.978 |
 Using food as a reward | 137 (35.7) | 88 (39.8) | 0.434 |
 Limiting the amounts of snacks | 324 (84.4) | 173 (78.3) | 0.103 |