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Table 3 Differences in nephrotic syndrome incidences and associated HRs in participants exposed to various daily average concentrations of air pollutants stratified by 3 period of time in 2000–2012

From: Association between gaseous air pollutants and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children: a 12-year population-based cohort study

 

Event

PYa

IRb

cHRc

95%CI

aHRd

95% CIe

Year 2000–2004

SO2

  Quartile 1, < 3.38 ppb

7

155,855

0.45

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 3.38–4.32 ppb

12

211,515

0.47

1.26

(0.50, 3.21)

1.37

(0.54, 3.51)

  Quartile 3, 4.32–6.03 ppb

24

338,017

0.71

1.58

(0.68, 3.67)

1.81

(0.77, 4.25)

  Quartile 4, > 6.03 ppb

38

304,390

1.25

2.78

(1.24, 6.22)*

3.11

(1.37, 7.04)**

THC

  Quartile 1, < 2.29 ppm

3

267,526

0.11

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 2.29–2.38 ppm

3

200,539

0.15

1.33

(0.27, 6.60)

1.37

(0.28, 6.76)

  Quartile 3, 2.38–2.60 ppm

51

336,769

1.51

13.5

(4.21, 43.2)***

16.3

(5.05, 52.5)***

  Quartile 4, > 2.60 ppm

24

204,943

1.17

10.4

(3.14, 34.6)***

14.6

(4.32, 49.4)***

CH4

  Quartile 1, < 2.01 ppm

0

245,282

0.00

  

  Quartile 2, 2.01–2.06 ppm

5

264,136

0.19

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 3, 2.06–2.11 ppm

19

261,444

0.73

3.84

(1.43, 10.3)**

4.07

(1.52, 10.9)**

  Quartile 4, > 2.11 ppm

57

238,914

2.39

12.6

(5.04, 31.3)***

15.0

(5.96, 37.7)***

Year 2005–2008

SO2

  Quartile 1, < 3.38 ppb

8

144,717

0.55

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 3.38–4.32 ppb

8

201,468

0.40

0.72

(0.27, 1.91)

0.71

(0.27, 1.90)

  Quartile 3, 4.32–6.03 ppb

26

307,104

0.85

1.53

(0.69, 3.39)

1.50

(0.67, 3.37)

  Quartile 4, > 6.03 ppb

48

281,274

1.71

3.09

(1.46, 6.53)**

3.00

(1.41, 6.40)**

THC

  Quartile 1, < 2.29 ppm

6

262,547

0.23

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 2.29–2.38 ppm

12

196,383

0.61

2.67

(1.00, 7.12)*

2.70

(1.01, 7.18)*

  Quartile 3, 2.38–2.60 ppm

43

301,098

1.43

6.27

(2.67, 14.7)***

6.12

(2.59, 14.5)***

  Quartile 4, > 2.60 ppm

29

174,535

1.66

7.31

(3.03, 17.6)***

7.02

(2.86, 17.2)***

CH4

  Quartile 1, < 2.01 ppm

5

241,793

0.21

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 2.01–2.06 ppm

8

254,354

0.31

1.52

(0.50, 4.65)

1.52

(0.50, 4.65)

  Quartile 3, 2.06–2.11 ppm

22

248,155

0.89

4.29

(1.62, 11.3)**

4.19

(1.58, 11.1)**

  Quartile 4, > 2.11 ppm

55

190,262

2.89

14.1

(5.66, 35.3)***

13.4

(5.35, 33.7)***

Year 2009–2012

SO2

  Quartile 1, < 3.38 ppb

18

131,135

1.37

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 3.38–4.32 ppb

19

176,467

1.08

0.78

(0.41, 1.49)

0.79

(0.41, 1.51)

  Quartile 3, 4.32–6.03 ppb

33

269,725

1.22

0.89

(0.50, 1.58)

0.90

(0.50, 1.62)

  Quartile 4, > 6.03 ppb

23

240,350

0.96

0.69

(0.37, 1.29)

0.99

(0.88, 1.12)

THC

  Quartile 1, < 2.29 ppm

22

250,851

0.88

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 2.29–2.38 ppm

33

186,270

1.77

2.02

(1.18, 3.47)*

2.02

(1.18, 3.47)*

  Quartile 3, 2.38–2.60 ppm

27

251,963

1.07

1.22

(0.69, 2.14)

1.22

(0.69, 2.15)

  Quartile 4, > 2.60 ppm

11

128,593

0.86

0.97

(0.47, 2.00)

0.97

(0.46, 2.02)

CH4

  Quartile 1, < 2.01 ppm

18

221,684

0.81

Reference group

Reference group

  Quartile 2, 2.01–2.06 ppm

17

247,435

0.69

0.85

(0.44, 1.65)

0.85

(0.44, 1.66)

  Quartile 3, 2.06–2.11 ppm

36

216,749

1.66

2.04

(1.16, 3.59)*

2.07

(1.17, 3.65)*

  Quartile 4, > 2.11 ppm

22

131,809

1.67

2.05

(1.10, 3.82)*

2.05

(1.10, 3.83)*

  1. aPY person-years, bIR incidence rate, (per 10,000 person-years), ccHR crude hazard ratio, daHR adjusted hazard ratio, adjustment for age, sex, monthly income, and urbanization level, eCI confidence interval. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001