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Table 3 Main clinical features of Non-IgE-mediated FA in the pediatric age

From: Diagnostic therapeutic care pathway for pediatric food allergies and intolerances in Italy: a joint position paper by the Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) and the Italian Society for Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP)

Non-IgE-mediated FA

Main clinical features

Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)

Cardinal symptoms:

Acute FPIES: Vomiting 1–4 h after ingestion

Chronic FPIES: intermittent but progressive vomiting and diarrhoe

Additional symptoms:

Acute FPIES: pallor, lethargy, hypovolaemia, hypotension, diarrhoea

Chronic FPIES: faltering growth

Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis (FPIAP)

Cardinal symptoms:

Blood in stool

Additional symptoms:

Occasional loose stools, mucous in the stools, painful flatus, anal excoriation

Food Protein- induced Enteropathy (FPE)

Cardinal symptoms:

Diarrhoea, failure to thrive

Additional symptoms:

Mucus and bloating, intermitting vomiting, abdominal pain, faltering growth, hypoalbuminemia

Food induced motility disorders (FPIMD)

-Constipation

-Colic

-Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

Persistent FPIMD symptoms often coexisting, associated with atopic dermatitis and not responsive to conventional treatment

Cardinal symptoms:

Straining with soft stools

Additional symptoms:

Faecal impaction, bloating, abdominal pain

Cardinal symptoms:

Colic based on Rome IV consensus [16]

Additional symptoms:

Abnormal stool patterns, faltering growth

Cardinal symptoms:

Intermitted painful vomiting/regurgitation

Additional symptoms:

Faltering growth, feeding difficulties backarching with pain

  1. Abbreviation: FA Food allergy