Table 1 Maternal and fetal characteristics of twins according to delivery indications
Spontaneous n 85 (24.6%) | P PROM n 66 (19.1%) | Indicated n: 117 (33.8%) | No indicated n: 78 (22.5%) | Total n: 346 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean maternal age | 32 ± 5.6 | 33.8 ± 5.9 | 34.7 ± 5.7 | 34.6 ± 5.8 | 33.9 ± 5.8 | < 0.01+ |
Primiparity | 38 (44.7) | 27 (40.9) | 51 (43.6) | 41 (52.6) | 157 (45.4) | 0.5* |
Chorionicity | ||||||
Bichorial-biamniotic | 66 (77.6) | 57 (86.4) | 61 (52.1) | 78 (100) | 262 (75.7) | < 0.01** |
Monochorial-biamniotic | 19 (22.4) | 9 (13.6) | 53 (45.3) | 0 | 81 (23.4) | |
Monochorial-monoamniotic | 0 | 0 | 3 (6) | 0 | 3 (0.9) | |
Previous spontaneous PTB | 5 (5.9) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 3 (3.8) | 9 (2.6) | 0.06** |
Gestational age | ||||||
34–34 + 6 weeks | 23 (27.1) | 14 (21.2) | 24 (20.5) | 12 (15.4) | 73 (21.1) | < 0.01* |
35–35 + 6 weeks | 33 (38.8) | 26 (39.4) | 35 (29.9) | 16 (20.5) | 110 (31.8) | |
36–36 + 6 weeks | 29 (34.1) | 26 (39.4) | 58 (49.6) | 50 (64.1) | 163 (47.1) | |
Race | ||||||
Non caucasian | 26 (30.6) | 12 (18.2) | 23 (19.7) | 10 (12.8) | 71 (20.5) | 0.04* |
Low education (< 8 years) | 25 (29.4) | 18 (27.3) | 27 (23.1) | 13(16.7) | 83 (24) | 0.2* |
BMI | 22.1 (20.2–27.3) | 22.7 (20.2–26.9) | 22.9 (20.3–25.8) | 21.8 (19.8–25.7) | 22.4 (20.2–26.2) | 0.6§ |
Obesity | 14 (16.9) | 12 (18.7) | 16 (14) | 7 (9) | 49 (14.4) | 0.3* |
Excessive Weight Gain (IOM) | 10 (17.5) | 6 (15) | 13 (16.2) | 4 (6.8) | 33 (14) | 0.3** |
Smoking habit | ||||||
Smoking | 6 (7.2) | 9 (13.6) | 9 (8) | 12 (15.4) | 36 (10.6) | 0.2* |
Assisted reproductive technologies | 18 (21.2) | 12 (18.2) | 30 (25.6) | 32 (41) | 92 (26.6) | < 0.01* |
Diabetes | ||||||
Pregestational diabetes | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (0.3) | < 0.09** |
Class A2 GDM | 1 (1.2) | 3 (4.5) | 7 (6) | 0 | 11 (3.2) | |
Class A1 GDM | 6 (7) | 2 (3) | 12 (10.3) | 4 (5.1) | 24 (6.9) | |
No diabetes | 78 (91.8) | 61 (92.5) | 97 (82.9) | 74 (94.9) | 310 (89.6) | |
Hypertensive disorders | ||||||
Chronic Hypertension | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 2(2.6) | 3 (0.9) | < 0.01 ** |
Preeclampsia/ Gestational | 0 | 5 (7.6) | 33 (28.2) | 0 | 38 (11) | |
Hypertension | 85 (100) | 61 (92.4) | 83 (70.9) | 76 (97.4) | 305 (88.1) | |
Normotensive | ||||||
Vaginal bleeding (Abruption/Placenta previa) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (3) | 13 (11) | 0 | 16 (4.6) | < 0.01** |
Liver disorders | 5 (5.9) | 6 (9.1) | 4 (3.4) | 5 (6.4) | 20 (5.8) | 0.04 ** |
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome | 0 | 0 | 3 (2.4) | 0 | 3 (0.9) | 0.3** |
Clinical chorioamnionitis | 4 (4.7) | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | 6 (1.7) | 0.01** |
Type of labor | ||||||
No labour | 0 | 41 (62.1) | 97 (82.9) | 66 (84.6) | 204 (58.9) | < 0.01** |
Induced labour | 0 | 5 (7.6) | 20 (17.1) | 12 (15.4) | 37 (10.7) | |
Spontaneous labour | 85 (100) | 20 (30.3) | 0 | 0 | 105 (30.4) | |
Mode of delivery | ||||||
Vaginal | 23 (27.1) | 11 (16.7) | 12 (10.3) | 7 (9) | 53 (15.3) | < 0.01** |
Cesarean in labour | 62 (72.9) | 14 (21.2) | 8 (6.8) | 5 (6.4) | 89 (26) | |
Cesarean non in labour | 0 | 41 (62.1) | 97 (82.9) | 66 (84.6) | 204 (58.7) | |
Antenatal corticosteroids | ||||||
No steroids | 50 (58.8) | 29 (43.9) | 91 (77.8) | 45 (57.7) | 215 (62.1) | < 0.01* |
ASA prophylaxis | 5 (5.9) | 4 (6.1) | 6 (5.1) | 4 (5.1) | 19 (5.5) | 0.9** |
LMWH prophylaxis | 4 (4.4) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (2.6) | 3 (3.8) | 13 (3.8) | 0.8** |
Progesterone Prophylaxis | 10 (15.3) | 4 (6.1) | 13 (11.1) | 10 (14.8) | 40 (11.6) | 0.3** |
Non reassuring fetal monitoring (category III) | 2 (2.3) | 2 (3) | 5 (4.3) | 0 | 9 (2.6) | 0.3** |
Fetal Growth restriction (FGR) | 3 (3.5) | 0 | 30 (25.6) | 0 | 33 (9.5) | < 0,01** |
Fetal anomalies | ||||||
None | 82 (96.5) | 66 (100) | 112 (95.7) | 78 | 338 (97.7) | 0.8** |
Cardiovascular | 2 (2.3) | 0 | 3 (2.5) | 0 | 5 (1.4) | |
CNS | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.3) | |
Gastrointestinal | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 1 (0.3) | |
Genito-urinary | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 1 (0.3) | |
Amniotic fluid anomalies | ||||||
Oligo/anidramnios | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 2 (1.8) | 0 | 3 (0.9) | 0.8** |
Polidramnios | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 2 (0.6) | |
Normal | 83 (97.6) | 66 (100) | 114 (97.3) | 78 (100) | 341 (98.5) | |