Table 1 Summary of information and characteristics of selected articles for the systematic review
Year | Author | Country | Region | Sample size | Male (n) | Age (year) | Screening diagnostic tools | Diagnostic criteria | Prevalence (%) | Male with ASD(n) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | |||||||||||
2018 | Akhter | Bangladesh | Rural | 5286 | 3436 | 1.5–3 | M-CHAT ADOS | DS M-I V TR | 4 (0.0 75) | 3 | [24] |
2018 | Heys | Nepal | Rural | 4098 | – | 9–13 | AQ-10 | – | 14 (0.342) | 8 | [25] |
2017 | Raina | India | Mixed | 28,070 | 14,019 | 1–10 | ISAA | – | 43 (0.153) | 23 | [26] |
2017 | Rudra | India | Mixed | 5947 | 3344 | 3–8 | SCDC SCQ ADOS | – | 13 (0.23) | 11 | [27] |
2016 | Chaaya | Lebanon | Urban | 998 | 537 | 1.3–4 | M-CHAT | – | 15 (1.53) | 8 | [28] |
2014 | Jun Ping | China | Mixed | 8000 | 4142 | 1.5–3 | CHAT | DS M-I V | 22 (0.275) | 18 | [29] |
2015 | Raz | Israel | – | 2,431,649 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 9109 (0.37) | – | [30] |
2016 | Poovathinal | India | Mixed | 18,480 | 9132 | 1–30 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 43 (0.23) | 29 | [31] |
2015 | Raina | India | Mixed | 11,000 | 5243 | 1–10 | ISAA | – | 10 (0.09) | – | [32] |
2016 | Pantelis | Korean | – | 23,234 | – | 7–12 | ASSQ | – | 553 (2.64) | [33] | |
2013 | Davidovitch | Israeli | Mixed | 423,524 | 218,076 | 1–12 | – | DS M-I V | 2034 (0.480) | 1706 | [34] |
2012 | Samadi | Iran | Mixed | 1,320,334 | 78,701 | 5 | SCQ ADI-R | 826 (0.063) | 669 | [35] | |
2011 | Chien | Taiwan | Mixed | 372,642 | 185,420 | 0–17 | – | DS M-I V TR | 659 (0.177) | 495 (75.0) | [36] |
2011 | Kim | Korean | Mixed | 22,660 | 11,679 | 7–12 | ASSQ ADOS ADI-R | DS M-I V | 598 (2.639) | 437 | [37] |
2009 | Perera | Srilanka | mi-Urban | 374 | – | 1.5–2 | M-CHAT | DS M-I V | 4 (1.07) | – | [38] |
2015 | Sun | China | – | 714 | 371 | 6–10 | CAST ADOS ADI-R | – | 6 (0.85) | – | [39] |
2009 | Rabbani | Bangladesh | Mixed | 3564 | 1763 | 5–17 | RQC | DS M-I V TR | 30 (0.842) | 19 (63.3) | [40] |
2011 | Al-Farsi | Oman | Mixed | 798,913 | 412,675 | 0–14 | CARS | DSM-IV-TR | 113 (0.014) | 84 | [41] |
2011 | Li | China | Mixed | 616,940 | – | 0–17 | – | ICD-10 | 77,301 (0.0238) | 54,937 | [42] |
2019 | Al-Mamri | Oman | – | 837,655 | 426,450 | 0–14 | – | DSM-5 | 1705 (0.2035) | 1332 | [43] |
2019 | Minh Hoang | Vietnam | Mixed | 17,277 | 8009 | 1.5–2.5 | M-CHAT | DSM-IV | 130 (0.752) | 107 | [44] |
2020 | Zhou | China | Mixed | 125,806 | 66,687 | 6–12 | ADOS ADI-R | DSM-5 | 363 (0.29) | 292 | [45] |
2019 | Sun | China | Mixed | 7167 | 3282 | 6–10 | CAST ADOS ADI-R | DSM-IV-TR DSM-5 | 77 (1.08) | – | [46] |
2018 | Jin | China | Mixed | 72,697 | 38,703 | 3–12 | SCQ | DSM-5 | 203 (0.083) | 157 | [47] |
2019 | Alshaban | Qatar | Mixed | 176,960 | – | 6–12 | SCQ ADOS ADI-R | DSM-5 | 844 (1.14) | 684 | [44] |
2013 | Al-Zahrani | Saudi Arabia | – | 22,950 | – | 7–12 | ASSQ ADOS ADI-R | DSM-IV | 8 (0.035) | [48] | |
American | |||||||||||
2009 | Nicholas | USA | – | 8156 | – | 4 | – | DS M-I V TR | 65 (0.8) | – | [49] |
2009 | Kogan | USA | – | 77,911 | 40,405 | 3–17 | – | 913 (1.1) | 746 | [50] | |
2019 | Imm | USA | – | 152,259 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 1886 (1.24) | – | [21] |
2018 | Jon Baio | USA | Mixed | 325,483 | – | 8 | IQ | DSM-IV-TR | 5473 (1.68) | – | [15] |
2016 | Christensen | USA | Mixed | 346,978 | – | 8 | IQ | DSM-IV-TR | 5063 (1.46) | [51] | |
2017 | Durkin | USA | – | 1,308,641 | 668,575 | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 13,396 (1.02) | 11,033 | [10] |
2016 | Fombonne | Mexico | – | 4195 | 2074 | 8 | LASI | DSM-IV-TR | 36 (0.87) | – | [52] |
2008 | Nicholas | USA | – | 47,726 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 295 (0.62) | – | [53] |
2018 | Diallo | Canada | – | 1,447,660 | – | 1–17 | – | ICD-10 ICD-9 | 16,940 (1.2) | – | [54] |
2015 | Dekkers | Ecuador | – | 51,453 | – | 5–15 | – | DSM-III | 108 (0.21) | – | [55] |
2008 | Montiel-Nava | Venezuela | – | 254,905 | – | 3–9 | ADOS | DSM-IV-TR | 430 (0.17) | – | [56] |
2012 | ADDM | USA | – | 337,093 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR ICD-9 | 3820 (1.13) | – | [57] |
2019 | Christensen | USA | – | 70,887 | – | 4 | – | DSM-IV-TR ICD-9 | 1208 (1.7) | – | [58] |
2014 | ADDM | USA | – | 363,749 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR ICD-9 | 5338 (1.47) | – | [59] |
2020 | Shaw | USA | – | 72,277 | – | 4 | – | DSM-IV-TR ICD-10 DSM-5 | 1125 (1.56) | – | [60] |
2020 | Maenner | USA | – | 275,419 | – | 8 | – | DSM-IV-TR DSM-5 | 5108 (1.85) | – | [61] |
Africa | |||||||||||
2014 | Lagunju | Nigeria | – | 2320 | – | 1–10 | – | DSM-IV | 54 (2.3) | 45 | [62] |
2014 | Kakooza-Mwesige | Uganda | Mixed | 1169 | 536 | 2–9 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 8 (0.68) | – | [63] |
2012 | Zeglam | Libya | – | 38,508 | – | 0–16 | – | DSM-IV | 128 (0.33) | [64] | |
2016 | Hewitt | Somali | – | 12,329 | 6163 | 7–9 | – | DSM-IV-TR | 255 (2.07) | – | [65] |
Europe | |||||||||||
2012 | Kocovska | Faroe Islands | 7128 | 3590 | 15–24 | ASSQ ADOS | ICD-10 DS M-I V | 67 (0.94) | 49 | [66] | |
2012 | Nygren | Sweden | – | 5007 | – | 2 | M-CHAT | DSM-IV-TR | 40 (0.80) | 32 | [67] |
2018 | Morales-Hidalgo | spain | – | 2765 | – | 4–11 | ADOS ADI-R | DSM-5 | 35 (1.26) | – | [68] |
2010 | Fernell | Sweden | Mixed | 24,084 | 12,342 | 6 | ADOS | ICD-10 DSM-IV-TR | 147 (0.62) | 123 | [69] |
2017 | Skonieczna-Zydecka | Poland | Mixed | 707,975 | 344,506 | 0–16 | STAT ADOS Q-CHAT | ICD-10 | 2514 (0.35) | 2038 | [70] |
2015 | Idring | Sweden | – | 735,096 | 376,617 | 0–27 | – | ICD-10 DS M-I V | 11,330 (1.54) | 8033 | [71] |
2013 | Saemundsen | Iceland | – | 22,229 | 11,424 | – | ADOS ADI-R | ICD-10 DS M-I V | 267 (1.2) | 197 | [72] |
2010 | Posserud | Norway | – | 6609 | – | 7–9 | ASSQ ADOS ADI-R | ICD-10 DS M-I V | 14 (0.21) | – | [73] |
2012 | Isaksen | Norway | Mixed | 31,015 | – | 12 | ADOS ADI-R | ICD-10 | 158 (0.51) | 128 | [74] |
2011 | Mattila | Finland | – | 4422 | – | 8 | ASSQ ADOS ADI-R FSIQ | DSM-IV-TR | 37 (0.84) | – | [75] |
2015 | van Bakel | French | 307,751 | 7 | – | ICD-10 | 1123 (0.365) | [76] | |||
2020 | Narzisi | Italy | Mixed | 10,138 | 5231 | 7–9 | SCQ | DSM-5 | 81 (0.79) | 68 (83.9) | [17] |
2018 | Bachmann | Germany | – | 6,900,000 6,400,000 | – | 0–24 | – | ICD-10 | 14,749 (0.22) 21,186 (0.38) | – | [77] |
2009 | Baron-Cohen | UK | Mixed | 11,700 | 5–9 | CAST ADOS ADI-R | ICD-10 | 83 (0.94) | [78] | ||
2015 | Stefan N. Hansen | Denmark | Mixed | 677,915 | 347,955 | 0–20 | ICD-8 ICD-10 | 3956 (0.579) | 2865 | [79] | |
2008 | Parner | Denmark | Mixed | 407,458 | – | 0–11 | – | ICD-10 | 2649 (0.65) | – | [80] |
2020 | Thomaidis | Greece | – | 182,879 | 93,897 | 10–11 | – | ICD-10 DSM-5 | 2108 (1.15) | 1715 | [81] |
2009 | van Balkom | Island | – | 13,109 | – | 0–9 | ADOS | DSM-IV | 69 (5.3) | – | [82] |
2012 | Pal Suren | Norway | – | 731,318 | – | 0–11 | – | DSM-IV | 1415 (0.7) | – | [83] |
2021 | Fuentes | Spain | – | 14,734 | – | 7–9 | ADOS ADI-R SCQ | DSM-5 | 87 (0.59) | – | [84] |
2016 | Boilson | Ireland | – | 5589 | – | 6–11 | SCQ | – | 44 (0.78) | [85] | |
2021 | Linnsand | Sweden | – | 902 | 454 | 2–5 | ADOS | DSM-5 | 33 (3.66) | 24 | [86] |
2013 | Taylor | UK | – | 256,278 | 132,143 | 2–8 | – | DSM-IV | 616 (0.24) | 515 | [87] |
2008 | Williams | UK | – | 14,062 | 7111 | 11 | – | ICD-10 | 86 (0.511) | 75 | [88] |
Australia & New Zealand | |||||||||||
2020 | May | Australia | Mixed | 3381 | 1690 | 12–13 | SDQ | – | 145 (4.36) | 111 | [89] |
2020 | Bowden | New Zealand | Mixed | 1,551,342 | – | 0–24 | – | DSM-IV ICD-10 | 8955 (0.57) | – | [90] |
2016 | Randall | Australia | – | 8366 | 4216 | 6–7 | SDQ | – | 165 (2) | 136 | [91] |