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Table 2 Characteristics of the selected adult studies

From: Neurological vertigo in the emergency room in pediatric and adult age: systematic literature review and proposal for a diagnostic algorithm

Study, country

Age range

Study design

Time frame

No. of subjects

Comments

Joshi P. et al., 2020 [22]

New Zealand

28 to 65 years old

Case series

Not specified

7

BPPV is the most common cause of positional vertigo

Grad A. et al., 1989 [23]

USA

40 to 81 years old

Retrospective study

1974 to 1987

84

The sudden onset of vertigo lasting minutes in a patient with known cerebrovascular disease strongly suggests an ischemic cause

Norrving B. et al., 1995 [24]

Sweden

50 to 75 years old

Prospective study

Not specified

24

A caudal cerebellar infarction may easily be misdiagnosed as a labyrinthine disorder, and it is found to be the cause in one in fourpatients presenting with isolated acute vertigo

Kim GW. et al., 1996 [25]

Korea

Not specified

Prospective study

August 1994 to February 1995

152

Vertigo as a manifestation of stroke may not be an infrequent symptom

Casani AP. et al., 2013 [26]

Italy

47 to 80 years old

Retrospective study

2007 to 2011

11

Pseudo-acute peripheral vertigo is not an uncommon diagnosis in otoneurological practice

Doijiri R. et al., 2016 [27]

Japan

56 to 79 years old

Retrospective study

2005 to 2015

221

In this study stroke was found in

11% of patients with isolated vertigo or dizziness attack. The posterior inferior

cerebellar artery area is frequently implicated for isolated vertigo or dizziness

Hesselbrock RR

2017

USA

40 to 42 years old

Case reports

Not specified

2

Accurate assessment of patients with acute vestibular symptoms can be challenging,

Central causes of isolated acute vestibular symptoms are uncommon

Perloff MD. et al., 2017 [28]

USA

Mean age 59.8 ± 16.7

Retrospective study

January 2005 to January 2010

136

There is an important proportion of cerebellar stroke among emergency department in patients with isolated dizziness

Wang Y. et al., 2018

China

Mean age 58.5 ± 12.3 for central vertigo and 52.1 ± 8.8 for peripheral vertigo

Retrospective study

January 2014 to July 2016

87

Patients with isolated vertigo and three or more risk factors are at higher risk for central vertigo

Lee H. et al., 2009 [29]

Korea

23 to 93 years old

Prospective study

January 2000 to July 2008

82

Labyrinthine dysfunction of a vascular cause usually leads to combined loss of both auditory and vestibular functions

Paul NL. et al., 2012

UK

Mean age 75.9 ± 11.8 for carotid stroke and 73.3 ± 13.1 for vertebrobasilar stroke

Prospective study

April 2002 to March 2010

1141

In patients with vertebrobasilar stroke, preceding transient isolated brainstem symptoms are common but rarely satisfy traditional definition of TIA

Lee SU. et al., 2015 [30]

Korea

33 to 73 years old

Retrospective study

2003 to 2014

18

Presence of central vestibular signs allows bedside differentiation of isolated vestibular syndrome

Parthasarathy R. et al., 2016 [31]

Canada

76 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

Hypoperfusion to the flocculonodular lobe supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery is likely a cause for intermittent vertigo

Lee H. et al., 2002 [32]

Korea

17 to 74 years old

Prospective study

March 2000 to July 2001

72

Migraine should be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated recurrent vertigo of unknown cause

Kim DD. et al., 2019 [33]

Canada

60 s years old

Case report

2019

1

Chronic naturopathic over- the-counter products intake may cause a subacute progressive cerebellar syndrome manifesting also with vertigo

Adzic-Vukicevic T. et al., 2019 [34]

Serbia

66 years old

Case report

2019

1

Cryptococcosis may present even in immunocompetent patients and may show central nervous system involvement with vertigo

Pula JH. et al., 2013 [35]

USA

19 to 55 years old

Prospective observational study

1999 to 2011

7

Multiple sclerosis is an uncommon cause of acute vestibular syndrome

Kremer L. et al., 2014 [36]

France, USA, UK, Japan, Canada, Germany

Mean age 44.2

Prospective observational study

Not specified

258

Brainstem involvement occurs in about one-third of patients with NMO and NMOSD; vertigo or vestibular ataxia occur in 1.7% of patients

Lee JY. et al., 2019 [37],

Korea

20 to 80 years old

Retrospective analysis

January 2012 to January 2015

133

Vestibular neuritis is characterized of rotational vertigo that last for over a day but the clinical course and the characteristics depends on the involvement site of the nerve

Roberts RA., 2018 [38]

USA

60 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

Patients using biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs could be at an increased risk for recurrent vestibular neuritis, with possible viral pathogenesis

Unal M. et al., 2006 [39]

51 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

It is important to consider Arnold-Chiari type I malformation in the differential diagnosis of adult vertigo cases

Spacey S.et al., 2003

2 to 32 years old

Review

Not specified

Not specified

Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is characterized by paroxysmal attacks of ataxia, vertigo, and nausea. Onset is typically in childhood or early adolescence

Rispoli MG. et al., 2019 [40]

71 years old

Case report

March 2015

1

New missense mutation in the ATP1A2 gene is

associated with atypical sporadic hemiplegic migraine, a disease possibly manifesting with vertigo

Di Stefano V. et al., 2020 [41]

71 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

A rare case of atypical BHS due to compression of non-dominant vertebral artery with anatomical

variants, resulting in stereotyped and reversible

PICA syndrome

Potter BJ. et al., 2014 [42]

90 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

A subclavian steal syndrome may occur

when a significant stenosis in the subclavian

artery compromises distal perfusion

to the internal mammary artery, vertebral artery, or

axillary artery

Jiang Y. et al., 2020 [43]

34 years old

Case report

Not specified

1

Frontal lobe epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with a broad spectrum of symptoms;

it rarely presents with vertigo