The impact of early empirical antibiotics treatment on clinical outcome of very preterm infants: a nationwide multicentre study in China

Table 3 Associations between empirical antibiotics treatment and nutritional outcome in VPIs

Outcomes	Antibiotic exposure			aβ/OR^a(95% CI) ≤4d vs 0d^b	aβ/OR^a(95% CI) > 4d vs 0d^b	aβ/OR^a(95% CI) > 4d vs ≤4d^c
Outcomes	non-antibiotic(n = 152)	EAT ≤4 days (n = 374)	EAT > 4 days (n = 1308)	aβ/OR^a(95% CI) ≤4d vs 0d^b	aβ/OR^a(95% CI) > 4d vs 0d^b	aβ/OR^a(95% CI) > 4d vs ≤4d^c
Weight growth velocity	16.8 (12.7,22.4)	14.6 (12.3,16.9)	14.3 (12.2,16.5)	-3.68 (−5.12 ~ −2.24)	-4.83 (−6.12 ~ − 3.53)	-1.15 (− 1.96 ~ − 0.28)
Days of reach of full enteral feeding	17.7 (12.0,26.0)	21.3 (15.4,28.1)	23.5 (16.6,33.2)	−0.39 (− 4.78 ~ 3.92)	2.77 (0.25 ~ 5.87)	2.46 (− 1.68 ~ 6.32)
Duration of parenteral nutrition	13.5 (10.0,20.0)	18.5 (12.5, 24.5)	19.0 (12.0,28.0)	−5.45 (−10.98 ~ 0.08)	−3.54 (−8.78 ~ 1.49)	2.15 (− 1.32 ~ 5.56)
Age of oral calorie attainment	17.5 (12.0,23.6)	20 (13.0,28.0)	21.0 (15.0,30.0)	−1.14(−4.69 ~ 2.41)	1.93(− 1.20 ~ 5.06)	3.08 (0.96 ~ 5.19)
FI	36 (23.7)	92 (24.6)	439 (33.6)	2.32 (0.55 ~ 8.62)	4.14 (1.49 ~ 13.56)	1.82 (1.08 ~ 3.17)
EUGR	50 (32.9)	159 (42.5)	592 (45.3)	0.95 (0.35 ~ 2.60)	1.25 (0.50 ~ 3.08)	1.35 (0.74 ~ 2.53)

^a Adjusted for GA, BW, antenatal corticosteroids, 5-min Apgar score, SGA, RDS, time to start enteral feeding, breast-feeding, duration of mechanical ventilation, cumulative fasting days, use of breast milk fortifier, anemia requiring blood transfusion
^b Reference is non-antibiotic group
^c Reference is EAT ≤4 days group
FI feeding intolerance, EUGR extrauterine growth retardation

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