Table 1 Review of cases of systemic infections caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in pediatric population

age (years) /sex

10/F

17/M

13/M

12/M

8/F

14/F

9/F

12/M

10/M

16/F

underlying disease

none

CP

none

none

residual tracheal–cutaneous fistula

none

none

none

none

none

periodontal disease or dental caries

no

yes

yes

no

yes

yes

yes

no

no

yes

duration of symptom

1 year

10 days

1 year

2 months

10 days

1 month and 2 weeks

1 month

2 weeks

1 year

7 months

symptoms/sign

no

fever

fever

shoulder pain

bloodtinged sputum, reduction of SaO2

cough with yellowish sputum, dyspnea, fever

Bulging chest wallmass

pain, swelling and purulent discharge from right great toe

Chest wall mass

upper back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

WBC (/µL)

8.300

20.000

12.500

10.900

11.500

18.000

8.400

6.200

8.300

not reported

clinical manifestation

chest wall mass, pneumonia

Pneumonia and empyema

pneumonia

Lung destructive lesion (mimick cancer)—bone destruction and soft tissue inflammation

Pleural pneumonia (empyema necessitatis)

Pleuralpneumonia extending to the chest wall and subphrenic area

Pneumonia/empyema

Osteomyelitis

Pneumonia, chest wall mass

Mediastinal and pulmonary abscesses, osteomyelitis of spine

sources of culture/ type of pathogen

chest wall biopsy

empyema

open lung biopsy

transthoracic tissue biopsy

Chest wall biopsy / AA and Actinomyces israeli

thoracoscopy

Chest wall biopsy

purulent material from the infected proximal end of thephalanx

Chest wall biopsy

thoracotomy/ AA and Actinomyces israelii, B. corrodens

duration of treatment

1 year

6 days

3 weeks

5 Months

1 year

3 months

1 year

13 weeks

1 year

1 month and 3 weeks

outcome

survived

died

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

age (years) /sex

17/F

15/F

9/M

11/M

11/M

14/M

4/F

1.5/F

16/F

18/F

underlying disease

CP

meningioma (neurosurgery removed)

none

none (autism)

DM1

NF1

none

Open valvuloplasty 6 months prior

none

none

periodontal disease or dental caries

yes

not reported

yes

yes

No

no

Yes

no

yes

yes

duration of symptom

10 days

not reported

1 month and 2 weeks

4 days

2 months

4 months

1 week

1 week

1 month

not reported

symptoms/sign

Cough, fever, dyspnea

cough, weight loss, and malaise

Intermittent fever, cough, right chest and rib pain

Intermittent left chest pain, left chest wall mass

fever, dry cough, anorexia, night sweats and a weight loss

fever, limp, toothache

fever

left facial mass

headeache, the confusion

WBC (/µL)

20.000

not reported

14.700

16.000

normal

14.100

12.000

normal

not reported

28.000

clinical manifestation

Empyema, left pleural effusion

Brain abscess

Pleuralpneumonia;bony destruction of one rib

right chest wall mass, pleuralpneumonia with periostitis of the interposed ribs

chest wall mass and pneumonia, with periosteal reaction of the left third rib

Pleuralpneumonia, chest wall mass, extending to the diaphragm. Lytic lesions involving interposed ribs with pathologic fractures

knee joint septic arthritis

Pulmonic valve vegetation

mass over the left mandibular area

sinogenic empyema,cerebritis, and subduralempyema

sources of culture/ type of pathogen

thoracentesis

fine needle aspiration /AA, Eikenella corrodens and H. aphrophiIus

open biopsy of the swelling/AA and A.israelii

Open biopsy

Lung biopsy

lung biopsy

knee joint aspiration

blood culture

Incision and drainage of the mass/ AA and Capnocytophaga spp

drainage

duration of treatment

1 week

1 month

4 months

6 months

1 y

 > 3 months

5 weeks

4 weeks

not reported

40 days

outcome

died

survived

survived

Survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived

survived