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Table 2 General results

From: Psycho-emotional distress in children and adolescents in relation to COVID-19 confinement and pandemic: A systematized review

Author (Year)

Aged

Resilience strategies

Psycho-emotional manifestations/Behavior

Changes in routine

Aims

Gómez-Becerra [9]

(2020)

Children and adolescent aged 3 to 18

NA

In children, predominance of emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and social behaviors.

In adolescents, predominance of behavioral problems, peer relationship problems and higher scores on fear of disease transmission.

NA

To analyze the relationship between fear of illness and the development of psycho-emotional symptoms, as well as to assess the evolution of emotional, behavioral, social and fear-related problems during confinement.

Liang [18]

(2020)

Children aged 6 to 12

Task-oriented, emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented strategies, with acceptance being the most commonly used coping strategy.

Among the most common psychological responses were worry, feelings of loneliness, fear, sadness, concentration difficulties or irritability.

NA

To determine the psychological responses and coping strategies in north and center area of Italy

Erades [10]

(2020)

Children aged 3 to 12

Increase physical activity time and decrease the use of screens.

Increases in emotional manifestations was observed, followed by sleep and behavioral problems, relating the increase to the progress of confinement.

Decreased physical activity and increased use of screens.

To evaluate emotional and behavioral reaction and sleep patterns during confinement. Identify adaptive variables and analyze the relationship between parental variables and manifestations in the children.

Orgilés M [11]

(2020)

Children aged 6 to 12

Implementation of support programs and development of effective coping strategies in stressful situations.

Children who had not received SSL program had higher scores on anxiety, sleep, cognitive and mood disorders, as well as on emotion-based and attention-seeking coping strategies, while the group that had received SSL program had lower scores on more adaptive coping styles.

NA

To compare coping styles and psychological impact between children who had received SSL program and those who had not.

Morgül E [20]

(2020)

Children aged 6 to 12

NA

Increased emotional and behavioral symptoms (irritability, frustration, boredom, demand for attention, increased intrafamily arguments, sadness...).

The greater the distress in adults, the greater the impact on young people.

More screen time and less time for sleep and physical activity.

To assess emotional state and daily activities during confinement, as well as the association between parental mental health and the impact on children.

Tamarit A [12]

(2020)

Adolescent aged 13 to 17

NA

Girls are more likely to have higher scores for anxiety, depression and stress than boys.

Volunteering, housing without open spaces, increased time spent in confinement, and excessive searches for information on COVID-19 increase levels of depression, stress, and anxiety.

NA

To evaluate which sociodemographic variables are predictors of stress, depression and anxiety in adolescence, also taking into account gender factors.

Ezpeleta L [13]

Adolescent mean age 13.9

NA

The most significantly affected areas were behavioral problems, peer relationships and social behaviors. Likewise, there are hyperactivity problems mostly related to school workload. On the other hand, intrafamily arguments, stress and sleep problems increased.

Disruption of routine and social isolation. Worsening of intrafamily relationship, maintenance of homework and greater involvement in family activities, increased screen time and decreased physical activity.

To study the living conditions of adolescents during confinement and their correlation with their psychological state.

Pizarro-Ruiz [8]

(2021)

Children and adolescent aged 8 to 18

NA

Children show alterations in the affective area with more rebellious behaviors, while adolescents show more anxiety, depression, emotional regulation problems or low self-esteem.

NA

Assessing the effects of confinement on Spanish children and adolescents

Tang [16]

(2021)

Children and adolescent aged 6 to 17

Open communication between parents and children

Senior secondary school students had higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety than younger students. While primary and junior secondary students were the least satisfied with life.

NA

To assess the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction of young people and correlate them with parent-child dialogue.

Orgilés M [14]

(2021)

Children and adolescent aged 3 to 18

NA

Spanish and Italian youths showed greater manifestations of anxiety, stress and depression than Portuguese youths.

Household confinement with permission for short daytime walks, with the exception of Portugal, which did not decree mandatory confinement, and closure of educational institutions.

To evaluate anxious-depressive symptoms in order to know which variables are related to worse well-being during confinement.

Francisco R [15]

(2020)

Children and adolescent aged 3 to 18

NA

Behavioral disturbances, anxiety and mood disturbances were more frequent in Spanish and Portuguese youths than in Italians.

Increased consumption of screens and new technologies, decreased physical activity and increased sleep time.

To describe and establish a comparison between psychological and behavioral symptomatology in relation to confinement and COVID-19.

Magson [17]

(2021)

Adolescent aged 13 to 16

NA

Increase depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents, with a decrease in life satisfaction. These symptoms are more pronounced in girls. The adolescents with more problems were more worried, showed more learning problems or had more conflicts with parents.

NA

Determine the change in the emotional health of adolescents before and during the restrictions imposed by the government due to the covid 19 pandemic.

Segre [19]

(2021)

Children and adolescent aged 6 to 14

NA

Changes in eating habits and sleep patterns.Increase in anxiety, fear,mood symptoms and greater ease of anger

Increased use of screens, they miss their friends and the practice of their hobbies.

Determine the impact of the pandemic on students, focusing on habit changes and psychological disturbance.

Al-Rahmneh [21] (2021)

Children aged 5 to 11

NA

Increased boredom, irritability and arguments with family members.

Decrease in physical activity and hours of sleep. Increased use of screens.

Assessment of parents’ perceptions of psychoemotional changes in children during the pandemic compared to before the pandemic

Radwan [22]

(2021)

Children and adolescent aged 10 to 18

NA

In children, medium levels of stress and moderate levels of anxiety and depression were observed.And moderate levels of stress and depression and severe levels of anxiety were observed in adolescents.

NA

To determine the level of stress, anxiety and depression in students aged 10 to 18 years.

Mohler-Kuo [23] (2021)

Children and adolescent aged 12–17

NA

Higher prevalence of ADHD-related symptoms, followed by symptoms related to ODD, anxiety and depression.

Internet use was higher among boys than among girls.

To assess the impact of Covid 19 confinement on the prevalence of mental symptoms in children/adolescents and young adults.