Maternal lifestyle factors | Study design | Study period | Outcome | Exposure | OR(95% CI) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cigarette smoking | Meta-ananlysis | 1971-1999 | CHD combined | Smoking | 1.07(0.98-1.17) | [8] |
Meta-ananlysis | 1959-2010 | CHD combined | Smoking | 1.09(1.02-1.17) | [9] | |
Meta-ananlysis | 1971-2011 | CHD combined | Smoking | 1.11(1.02-1.21) | [10] | |
VSD | Smoking | 1.44(1.16-1.79) | ||||
Case-control | 1997-2008 | CHD combined | Smoking, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 2.65(1.20-5.87) | [11] | |
Septal defects | Smoking, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 2.60(1.05-6.47) | ||||
Outflow tract anomalies | Smoking, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 3.58(1.46-8.79) | ||||
Case-control | 1997-2005 | AVSD | Smoking | 1.50(1.10- 2.40) | [12] | |
Alcohol consumption | Case-control | 1987-1988 | CTD | Drink less than once a week | 1.30(1.10-1.90) | [13] |
Drink once a week or more | 1.90(1.00-1.34) | |||||
Case-control | 1999-2003 | TGA | Drink less than one day per week | 2.10(1.10- 3.20) | [14] | |
Cohort | 1996-2002 | VSD | Low-to-moderate levels of alcohol | 1.10(0.54- 2.23) | [15] | |
ASD | Low-to-moderate levels of alcohol | 0.66(0.27- 1.62) | ||||
Case-control | 1996-2005 | CHD combined | Binge drinking | 2.99(1.19- 7.51) | [16] | |
Cohort | 1983-2007 | ASD | Alcohol Diagnosis | 1.36(1.14- 1.63) | [17] | |
VSD | Alcohol Diagnosis | 1.77(1.27 2.46) | ||||
Cohort | 2002-2010 | CHD combined | Alcohol use | 1.90(1.70- 2.00) | [18] | |
Case-control | 1999-2005 | CHD combined | Drink several times a week | 1.73(0.52- 5.70) | [19] | |
Drink several times a month | 1.34(0.79-2.24) | |||||
Illicit drug use | Case-control | 1968-1980 | VSD | Cannabis use | 2.35(1.43- 3.86) | [20] |
Cannabis use for three or more days per week | 3.73(1.56- 8.96) | |||||
Case-control | 1981-1989 | VSD | Cocaine | 2.99(1.69-5.30) | [21] | |
Case-control | 1981-1989 | Single ventricle | Marijuana | 0.90(0.10- 6.90) | [22] | |
Caffeine Use | Systematic review | 1966-2004 | CHD combined | Coffee | 1.10(0.90- 1.50) | [23] |
Tea | 1.00(0.90-1.20) | |||||
Case-control | 1996-1998 | CHD in Down syndrome | Any caffeine | 0.89(0.42-1.88) | [24] | |
Coffee | 0.75(0.39-1.44) | |||||
Tea | 1.11(0.60-2.03) | |||||
Cola | 0.69(0.38-1.27) | |||||
Cocoa | 3.95(0.81-19.2) | |||||
Case-control | 1991-1993 | CHD in Down syndrome | ≥4 cups of coffee vs. <4 cups | 1.50(0.70-3.30) | [25] | |
BMI | Meta-ananlysis | 1996-2008 | CHD combined | Obesity | 1.30(1.12-1.51) | [26] |
Septal anomalies | Obesity | 1.20(1.09-1.31) | ||||
TOF | Obesity | 1.10(0.76-1.61) | ||||
TGA | Obesity | 1.41(0.97-2.06) | ||||
Meta-ananlysis | 1969-2012 | CHD combined | Overweight | 1.08(1.02-1.15) | [27] | |
Moderate obesity | 1.15(1.11-1.20) | |||||
Severe obesity | 1.39(1.31-1.47) | |||||
TOF | Severe obesity | 1.94(1.49-2.51) | ||||
AVS | Underweight | 1.47(1.01-2.15) | ||||
Case-control | 2004-2009 | PAS | Obesity | 1.36(1.17-1.58) | [28] | |
TOF | Obesity | 1.62(1.30-2.02) | ||||
TGA | Obesity | 1.45(1.16-1.80) | ||||
VSD | Obesity | 1.15(1.07-1.23) | ||||
Psychological factors | Case-control | 1978-2008 | CHD combined | Bereavement | 1.11(1.00-1.22) | [29] |
Case-control | 2004-2005 | CHD combined | Mental stress | 3.93(1.94-7.94) | [30] | |
Case-control | 1996-2005 | CHD combined | High stress level vs. low stress level | 0.74(0.45-1.22) | [25] |