From: Dilemmas and options for COVID-19 vaccination in children
Vaccine hesitancy determinants | Factors | Hesitancy (-) / Acceptance (+) | Place of study | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual/group determinants | Beliefs, attitudes about health and prevention | |||
 Belief that COVID-19 is not a serious illness | - | USA, Italy | ||
 Belief that children were not susceptible to infection | - | USA | [17] | |
 COVID-19 fear | + | Germany | [18] | |
 Acceptance and adherence to vaccination policies | + | Germany | [18] | |
Experience with past vaccination | ||||
 Parents’ past experiences of vaccination | + | USA, Germany | ||
 Children’s past experiences with vaccination | + | USA | [19] | |
Other factors | ||||
 A low proportion of COVID-19 among family members | - | China | [20] | |
Contextual determinants | Perception of the pharmaceutical industry/government | |||
 Distrust in government, science, or the pharmaceutical industry | - | USA, Germany | ||
Communication and media environment | ||||
 Obtain information about COVID-19 vaccine from the government and public health agencies | + | Thailand | [21] | |
 Conflicting media messaging | - | Italy, USA, China | ||
Policies/politics | ||||
 Mandatory vaccination | - | Hong Kong (China) | [23] | |
 School resumption | + | Hong Kong (China) | [23] | |
Sociodemographic related | ||||
 Female | - | USA | ||
 Higher education level | - | Hong Kong (China), USA, China | ||
+ | Italy, USA, Thailand, Japan | |||
 High income | - | China, Hong Kong (China) | ||
+ | USA, Japan | |||
 Lower socioeconomic status | - | USA, Thailand, Japan | ||
 Married/cohabitant | + | Italy | [16] | |
 Parents older age | + | USA, Germany | ||
 Asian | + | USA | ||
 Black/Hispanic parents | - | USA | ||
 Single child | + | Italy | [16] | |
 Children’s poor health | - | China | [20] | |
 Younger children | - | USA, China | ||
Vaccine determinants | Risk/benefit (scientific evidence) | |||
 Concern of efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines | - | Italy, USA, Thailand, Canada | ||
 Lack of long-term study results on vaccine efficacy | - | Thailand | [21] | |
 Vaccine no longer worked against new variants | - | USA, China | ||
 Concern of safety of COVID-19 vaccines | - | USA, Germany, Thailand, Canada | ||
 Concern about vaccination side effects | - | USA, Thailand | ||
Cost | ||||
 Free vaccination | + | USA | [15] | |
Role of healthcare professional | ||||
 Having their child’s doctor who recommended the vaccine | + | Italy | [16] | |
Other factors | ||||
 Lack of community and family support for pediatric vaccination | - | USA | [17] | |
 Lack of choices of vaccine | - | Hong Kong (China) | [23] | |
 Rapid development of vaccine | - | Canada | [26] |