Table 1 Summary of characteristics of the included studies
From: Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and the childhood asthma in offspring: a meta-analysis
Study | Country | Design | Number of mothers included | Maternal age at index birth (years) | Methods for validation of GDM in mothers | Number of mothers with GDM | Number of children evaluated | Age of children at asthma diagnosis | Male offspring (%) | Methods for validation of asthma in children | No. of children with asthma | Variables adjusted/matched |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zamstein 2018 | Israel | RC | 216,197 | 28.4 | Medical records | 10,184 | 216,197 | 11.2 years, at least 4 years | 51 | Medical records | 5,481 | Maternal age, ethnicity, GA, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, maternal smoking, and sex of offspring |
Martinez 2020 | USA | RC | 97,554 | 30.2 | Medical records | 9836 | 97,554 | Mean: 7.6 years, at least 5 years | 51.4 | Medical records | 15,123 | Birth year, maternal age, parity, education, household income, maternal race/ethnicity, history of comorbidity other than diabetes or asthma, history of maternal asthma, smoking during pregnancy, and sex of the child |
Nasreen 2021 | Canada | RC | 19,933 | 29.2 | Questionnaire | 1178 | 19,933 | 6 ~ 15 years | 50 | Questionnaire | 1,639 | Maternal age at pregnancy, maternal smoking, maternal high blood pressure during pregnancy, multiple gestation, maternal educational attainment, annual household income, urban residency, and sex of the child |
Adgent 2021 | USA | PC | 1,107 | 26 | Medical records | 62 | 1,107 | 3.7 ~ 6.5 years | 49.8 | Medical records | 173 | Maternal age, race, prenatal smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, asthma history, socioeconomic status, and sex of offspring |
Dumas 2022 | USA | PC | 16,351 | 30.3 | Medical records | 769 | 16,351 | 3 ~ 5 years | 52.1 | ICD codes | 2,306 | Maternal age at delivery, asthma, maternal race/ethnicity, smoking status, insurance status at birth, mode of delivery, and early pregnancy BMI |
Ma 2023 | China | RC | 166,772 | 27.8 | Medical records | 24,036 | 166,772 | Mean: 8.6 years, 6 ~ 12 years | 54.5 | Questionnaire | 19,722 | Maternal age, educational level, BMI, maternal smoking during pregnancy, single child, family monthly income, children’s sex, and residential region |
Papandreou 2023 | Greece | RC | 5,133 | 33.1 | Medical records | 221 | 5,133 | 2 ~ 5 years | NR | Medical records | 239 | Maternal age, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, educational and economic status, smoking habits, preterm birth, mode of delivery, breastfeeding practices, BMI, gestational weight gain and gestational hypertension |