Table 1 Common and rare causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding according to the age, appearing and bleeding entity
From: Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: diagnostic approach
Ill-appearing | Well-appearing | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Severe bleeding | Milder bleeding | ||
< 2 years | Stress gastritis or ulcer Sepsis Rare: Intestinal duplications Vascular anomalies Coagulation disorders | Reflux esophagitis Reactive gastritis Vitamin K deficiency Trauma (NG tube)a Rare: Cow’s milk protein allergy | |
2–5 years | Esophageal varices Hemorrhagic gastritis Stress ulcer | Esophageal varices Gastroduodenal ulcer Foreign bodies Ingestion of caustics Rare: Dieulafoy lesion Arteriovenous malformations Stromal tumors Gastroduodenal duplications | Mallory-Weiss tear NSAIDsb gastritis Reflux esophagitis |
> 5 years | Esophageal varices Hemorrhagic gastritis | Esophageal varices Gastroduodenal ulcer Rare: Dieulafoy lesion Arteriovenous malformations Stromal tumors Gastroduodenal duplications Hemobilia | Mallory-Weiss tear Reflux esophagitis Gastritis |