Table 3 Related factors of severe pneumonia in pediatric inpatients prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic by univariate analysis

Number of cases, n (%)

782(100.0)

43(100.0)

206(100.0)

7(100.0)

Age, median (IQR), m

54(26.0–85.0)

35(17.0–67.0)

0.036*

28(10.0–52.0)

6(5.0–14.0)

0.038*

Gender, n (%)

0.877

0.616

 Male

427(54.6)

24(55.8)

123(59.7)

3(42.9)

 Female

355(45.4)

19(44.2)

83(40.3)

4(57.1)

Hospital stay, median (IQR), d

6(5.0–7.0)

11(9.0–14.0)

0.000*

7(5.0–9.0)

12(9.0–29.0)

0.002*

Season of hospitalization, n (%)

0.003*

1.000

 Spring (Mar.-May.)

347(44.4)

29(67.4)

83(40.3)

3(42.9)

 Summer(Jun.-Aug.)

435(55.6)

14(32.6)

123(59.7)

4(57.1)

Bacterial infections, n (%)

0.249

0.296

 No

735(94.0)

38(88.4)

187(90.8)

5(71.4)

 Yes

47(6.0)

5(11.6)

19(9.2)

2(28.6)

Viral infections, n (%)

0.121

1.000

 No

623(79.7)

26(60.5)

179(86.9)

6(85.7)

 Yes

133(17.0)

10(23.3)

15(7.3)

0(0.0)

Mp infection, n (%)

0.412

0.785

 No

305(39.0)

17(39.5)

116(56.3)

5(71.4)

 Yes

451(57.7)

19(44.2)

81(39.3)

2(28.6)

Mixed infections, n (%)

0.075

0.940

 No

632(80.8)

26(60.5)

179(86.9)

5(71.4)

 Yes

124(15.9)

10(23.3)

14(6.8)

1(14.3)

Serum sIgE(IU/ml), n (%)

 House dust mite

0.148

1.000

  < 0.35

590(75.4)

23(53.5)

85(41.3)

1(14.3)

  ≥ 0.35

101(12.9)

8(18.6)

37(18.0)

1(14.3)

 Milk

0.112

1.000

  < 0.35

550(70.3)

21(48.8)

88(42.7)

2(28.6)

  ≥ 0.35

141(18.0)

10(23.3)

34(16.5)

0(0.0)

 Egg white

0.887

1.000

  < 0.35

619(79.2)

27(62.8)

104(50.5)

2(28.6)

  ≥ 0.35

72(9.2)

4(9.3)

18(8.7)

0(0.0)

 Shrimp

0.851

1.000

  < 0.35

683(87.3)

30(69.8)

113(54.9)

2(28.6)

  ≥ 0.35

8(1.0)

1(2.3)

9(4.4)

0(0.0)

 Crab

0.709

1.000

  < 0.35

685(87.6)

30(69.8)

113(54.9)

2(28.6)

  ≥ 0.35

6(0.8)

1(2.3)

9(4.4)

0(0.0)

Micronutrient levels

 Vitamin A(umol/l)

0.156

1.000

  < 0.52

11(1.4)

2(4.7)

4(1.9)

0(0.0)

  0.52–2.2

449(57.4)

17(39.5)

48(23.3)

1(14.3)

 Vitamin B1(nmol/l )

1.000

1.000

  < 50

21(2.7)

0(0.0)

3(1.5)

0(0.0)

  50–150

439(56.1)

19(44.2)

49(23.8)

1(14.3)

 Vitamin B2(ug/l)

0.593

1.000

 < 200

23(2.9)

2(4.7)

7(3.4)

0(0.0)

 ≥ 200

437(55.9)

17(39.5)

45(21.8)

1(14.3)

 Vitamin B6(umol/l)

1.000

0.075

  < 14.6

1(0.1)

0(0.0)

3(1.5)

1(14.3)

  14.6–72.9

459(58.7)

19(44.2)

49(23.8)

0(0.0)

 Vitamin C(umol/l)

1.000

0.321

  < 34

46(5.9)

2(4.7)

16(7.8)

1(14.3)

  34–114

414(52.9)

17(39.5)

36(17.5)

0(0.0)

 Serum 25(OH)D(nmol/l)

-

1.000

  < 50

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

9(4.4)

0(0.0)

  ≥ 50

459(58.7)

19(44.2)

43(20.9)

1(14.3)

 Zn(umol/l)

0.000*

1.000

  < 9.2

74(9.5)

12(27.9)

10(4.9)

0(0.0)

  9.2–22.9

340(43.5)

8(18.6)

35(17.0)

1(14.3)

 Ca(mmol/l)

0.000*

-

  < 2.0

21(2.7)

9(20.9)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

  2.0-2.74

393(50.3)

11(25.6)

45(21.8)

1(14.3)