Table 4 The epidemiology of autoimmune thyroid disease in Turner syndrome
Reference | n of Turner patients | Age range or mean | Autoimmune diseases | Population origin | % of subjects with thyroid autoimmune disease | % of subjects with thyroid autoimmune disease in IsoXq | % of patients with clinical/subclinical hypothyroidism | % of patients with Graves’ disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bright et al. 1982 [26] | 24 | 15 ± 5 | Thyroiditis | USA | 87.5 | 100 | na | na |
Germain et al. 1986 [23] | 100 | 15Â weeks- 19Â years | Thyroiditis | USA | 50 | 57 | 22 | 0 |
Gluck et al. 1992 [27] | 77 | 5-14 | Thyroiditis | Germany | 3.9 | na | na | na |
de Kerdanet et al. 1994 [21] | 67 | 5.5-34 | Thyroiditis | France | 26.9 | 68.8 | 23.9 | na |
Radetti et al. 1995 [30] | 478 | 3.6-25.3 | Thyroiditis | Italy | 22.2 | na | 6.1 | 0.6 |
Chiovato et al. 1996 [12] | 75 | 3-30 | Thyroiditis | Italy | 13.3 | 40 | 10.6 | 1.3 |
Medeiros et al. 2000 [13] | 71 | 0-20 | Thyroiditis | Brazil | 23.9 | na | 15.5 | 0 |
Medeiros et al. 2009 [14] | 17/ 80 (follow-up) | 5.9-22.6 | Thyroiditis | Brazil | 59 | 33 | 82.4 | 5.8 |
Elsheikh et al. 2001 [18] | 145 | 16-52 | Thyroiditis | UK | 41 | 83 | 15 | 0.7 |
El-Mansouri et al. 2005 [31] | 91 | 25-65 | Thyroiditis | Sweden | 27.5 | 27.8 | 25 | 2 |
Livadas et al. 2005 [17] | 84 | 0-19 | Thyroiditis | Greece | 60.7 | 71 | 24 21 with Abs | 2.5 |
Bettendorf et al. 2006 [15] | 120/327 (follow-up) | >16 | Presence of thyroid and celiac disease Abs | Germany | 36 | 5.8 | 57.1 | 0 |
Mc Carthy et al. 2008 [3] | 100 | 7-17 | Thyroiditis | USA | 51 | na | na | na |
Fukuda et al. 2009 [36] | 65 | 15-61 | Thyroiditis | Japan | 57 | na | 31 | 4.6 |
Mortensen et al. 2009 [28] | 107 | 6-60 | Thyroiditis, celiac disease | Denmark | 45 | 39 | 15 | 1.9 |
Dias et al . 2010 [4] | 56 | 0.8-52 | Celiac disease | Brazil | na | na | na | na |
JÓ©rgensen et al. 2010 [7] | 798 | na | Female predominant | Denmark | 1.6 | 12.5 with | na | 0.6 |
Hashimoto’s | ||||||||
i.e. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | thyroiditis | |||||||
Male predominant i.e.T1D, | ||||||||
Ulcerative | ||||||||
Colitis | ||||||||
Dupuytren’s contracture, | ||||||||
Amyotrophic lateral | ||||||||
Sclerosis, reactive arthritis | ||||||||
Gawlik et al. 2011 [35] | 86 | 0-17.4 | Thyroiditis, celiac disease, T1D, alopecia | Poland | 36 with Abs 17.4 with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 35.3 with Abs 17.6 with autoimmune thyroid disease | 31.4 | 0 |
Bakalov et al. 2012 [10] | 224 | 18-67 | High prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease | USA | 37 | 58.3 | na | 0 |
Hamza et al. 2012 [20] | 80 | 4.7-22.3 | Thyroiditis | Egypt | 35 anti-TPO 15 anti-Tg | 57.9 anti-TPO 26.3 anti-Tg | 6.3 | 1.3 |
Kucharska et al. 2013 [29] | 54 | 11.9 ± 2.5 | Thyroiditis | Poland | 64.8 anti-TPO 24 anti-Tg 14.8 anti-NIS | na | 20 | 0 |