Table 1 Early feeding practice and risk of CD

● It should be considered that data concerning early feeding practices have been obtained from at-risk families (where at least one CD patient was present), and that possible recommendations should apply only to genetically susceptible individuals. (Of note, one third of European infants is at-risk of CD).

● No evidence that any breast feeding, its duration or persistence at the time of gluten introduction, has an effect on CD risk. However breastfeeding remains recommended.

● Early introduction of small amount of gluten does not induce tolerance.

● Later gluten introduction delays CD onset, but does not prevent its occurrence.

● Weak evidence that high amount of gluten at weaning increases CD risk, but it seems reasonable to discourage consumption of high amounts of gluten in the first year of life.