Table 1 Risk factors for pediatric AIS
From: Paediatric arterial ischemic stroke: acute management, recent advances and remaining issues
Artheriopathies | Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia, arteriovenous malformation, arterial dissection, Moyamoya disease, transient cerebral arteriopathy of childhood, primary central nervous system vasculitis, cranial radiotherapy |
Vasculitis | Meningitis, postinfectious systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, granulomatous angiitis, Takayasu’s arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, inflammatory bowel disease, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, drug abuse |
Hematologic disorders and coagulopathies | Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-hemoglobin C, sickle-thalassemia), purpura, thrombocytosis, polycythemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukemia or other neoplasms, congenital coagulation defects, oral contraceptive use, liver dysfunction with coagulation defect, vitamin K deficiency, Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies |
Metabolic disorders | Mitochondrial disorders (MELAS syndrome), urea matabolic disorders, homocystinuria, aminoaciduria, glutaric acidemia type I, lysosomal disorders, Fabry’s disease |
Heart diseases | Congenital malformations (ventricular/atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic/mitral stenosis, coarctation, complex congenital heart defects); |
Acquired (Rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia) | |
Traumatic | Child abuse, post-traumatic arterial dissection, blunt cervical arterial trauma, arteriography, post-traumatic carotid cavernous fistula, penetrating intracranial trauma |