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Table 1 Summary of the studies included in the meta-analysis

From: Association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risks of congenital heart defects in offspring: meta-analysis of epidemiological observational studies

First author, year

Region

Period

Study design

No. of cases/controlsa

period

OR/RR

95 % CI

Adjustment variablesb

Outcome

Bean, 2011

USA

2001–2004

CC

566/552

1st month gestation

1.07

0.58–1.98

No

AVSD

1.03

0.48–2.23

ASD

0.49

0.19–1.22

VSD

2nd/ 3rd month gestation

0.64

0.19–2.21

AVSD

1.50

0.40–5.67

ASD

1.08

0.27–4.36

VSD

Botto, 2000

USA

1968–1980

CC

958/3029

During pregnancy

1.00

0.86–1.15

No

CHDs

Carmichael, 2003

USA

1987–1988

CC

207/481

1 month before to 3rd month gestation

1.35

0.84–2.19

B, D, F, K, I

TGA

1.24

0.77–1.98

TOF

Cedergren, 2002

Sweden

1982–1996

CC

269/524

Early pregnancy

0.95

0.69–1.31

No

CHDs

Ewing, 1997

USA

1981–1989

CC

641/3549

During pregnancy

0.95

0.78–1.15

No

VSD

Fixler, 1998

USA

 

CC

89/82

3 months before to 3rd month gestation

1.23

0.67–2.28

No

CHDs

Grewal, 2008

USA

1999–2003

CC

323/700

During pregnancy

1.21

0.85–1.73

No

Conotruncal defects

Hobbs, 2010

USA

1998–2006

CC

572/363

1 month before to 3rd month gestation

0.84

0.63–1.12

No

CHDs

Kuciene, 2009

Lithuania

1999–2005

CC

187/643

During pregnancy

1.39

0.87–2.25

No

CHDs

Larsen, 2011

Denmark

1996–2002

Cohort

477/ 86783

During pregnancy

1.24

0.97–1.59

A, E, F, H, P

VSD

0.89

0.66–1.21

ASD

Liu, 2013

Canada

2002–2010

Cohort

4123/22365

During pregnancy

1.88

1.74–2.04

A, B, E, F, H, L, O

CHDs

McDonald, 1992

Canada

1982–1984

Cohort

318/87389

First trimester

0.96

0.78–1.19

A, B, D, F, G

CHD

Malik, 2008

USA

1997–2002

CC

3067/3947

1 month before to 3rd month gestation

0.93

0.85–1.03

O

CHDs

Martinez-Frias, 2004

Spain

 

CC

4705/4329

During pregnancy

0.96

0.78–1.19

No

CHD

Mateja, 2012

USA

1996–2005

CC

237/948

3 months before pregnancy

1.01

0.61–1.70

No

CHDs

O’Leary, 2013

Australia.

1983–2007

Cohort

277/61370

During pregnancy

1.40

0.91–1.98

No

VSD

2.86

1.22–4.93

ASD

2.01

0.58–4.07

Conotruncal defects

Smedts, 2009

Netherlands

2008

CC

276/324

During pregnancy

1.05

0.75–1.47

No

CHDs

Steinberger, 2002

USA

1981–1989

CC

237/3572

During pregnancy

1.00

0.10–7.70

No

Single Ventricle

Tikkanen, 1991

Finland

1982–1984

CC

573/1055

First trimester

1.29

1.05–1.59

No

CHDs

Tofs, 1999

USA

1991–1993

CC

80/605

First trimester

0.90

0.50–1.40

No

CHDs

1.30

0.70–2.40

AVSD

1.00

0.20–2.40

TOF

0.80

0.50–1.40

ASD

0.60

0.30–1.20

VSD

Van Beynum, 2010

Netherlands

1996–2005

CC

611/2401

During pregnancy

1.05

0.85–1.29

No

CHDs

Williams, 2004

USA

1968–1980

CC

122/3029

3 months before to 3rd month gestation

1.02

0.71–1.47

No

VSD

Yauck, 2004

USA

1997–1999

CC

245/2780

During pregnancy

2.10

1.10–4.20

No

CHDs

  1. CC case-control study, CHDs congenital heart defects, VSD Ventriculap Septal Defect, ASD Atrial Septal Defect, TOF Tetralogy of Fallot, TGA D-Transposition of the Great Arteries, HLHS Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, COA Coarctation of the Aorta, AVSD Atrioventricular Septal Defect
  2. aReported number of cases and control subjects with available exposure information
  3. bAdjustment variables: A maternal age, B maternal race/ethnicity, C marital status, D maternal education, E parity, F smoking, G coffee consumption, H infant’s year/month of birth, I intake of multivitamin, J stress, K folic acid intake/dietary folate, L infant gender, M maternal body mass index, N family history of congenital heart defects, O maternal residence, P maternal occupation, Q insurance,
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Italian Journal of Pediatrics

ISSN: 1824-7288

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