Table 2 Use of analgesia and sedation by type of ventilation
Total (N = 422) n (%) | Invasive ventilation (N = 131) n (%) | Noninvasive ventilation (N = 150) N (%) | Spontaneous ventilation (N = 141) n (%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Use of analgesia and/or sedation | 149 (35.3) | 113 (86.3) | 26 (17.3) | 10 (7.1) | <.0001 |
Method of administration: | |||||
Bolus only | 54 (36.2) | 33 (29.2) | 18 (69.2) | 3 (30) | 0.0035 |
Continuous only | 34 (22.8) | 28 (24.8) | 4 (15.4) | 2 (20) | |
Continuous and bolus | 61 (40.9) | 52 (46.0) | 4 (15.4) | 5 (50) | |
Strong analgesicsa | 137 (32.5) | 109 (83.2) | 21 (14.0) | 7.0 (5.0) | <0.0001 |
Morphine | 11 (2.6) | 11 (8.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
Fentanyl | 131 (31.0) | 103 (78.6) | 21 (16.0) | 7 (5.3) | <0.0001 |
Ketamine | 2 (0.2) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0959 |
Sedativesa | 45 (10.7) | 35 (26.7) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
Propofol | 5 (1.2) | 4 (3.1) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0434 |
Midazolam | 38 (9.0) | 29 (22.1) | 4 (2.7) | 5 (3.5) | <0.0001 |
Mild analgesicsa | 16 (3.8) | 9 (6.9) | 4 (2.7) | 3 (2.1) | 0.0823 |
Paracetamol | 14 (3.3) | 8 (6.1) | 3 (2.0) | 3 (2.1) | 0.1369 |
Local anesthetics | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.7619 |
Neuromuscolar blockers | 7 (1.7) | 7 (5.3) | NA | NA | NA |
Drug withdrawal | 4 (2.8) | 4 (3.6) | 00 (0.0) | 00 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Pain assessment | 285 (67.5) | 112 (85.5) | 101 (67.3) | 72 (51.1) | <0.0001 |