Italian guidelines on the assessment and management of pediatric head injury in the emergency department

Table 2 PECARN secondary analyses results on isolated moderate-risk findings for ciTBI

Isolated moderate risk PECARN findings	Reference	Population	Outcome risks n/N, (%; 95%CI)
Isolated moderate risk PECARN findings	Reference	Population	ciTBI	TBI on CT
Loss of consciousness	Lee, [163]	<2y	1/157 (0.6; 0.0–3.5)	2/90 (2.2; 0.3–7.8)
		≥2y	12/2623 (0.5; 0.2–0.8)	36/1903 (1.9; 1.3–2.6)
Severe injury mechanism	Nigrovic, [164]	<2y	4/1327 0.3 (0.1–0.8)	NA
		≥2y	12/1975 0.6 (0.3–1)	NA
Vomiting	Dayan, [137]	<2y	0/567 (0; 0–0.6)	2/187 (1.1; 0.1–3.8)
		≥2y	10/1501 (0.7; 0.3–1.2)	26/806 (3.2; 2.1–4.7)
Severe Headache	Dayan, [165]	≥2y	0/91 (0; 0–4.0)	0/50 (0; 0–7.1)
Non-frontal scalp hematoma	Dayan, [167]	<2y	12/2998 (0.4; 0.2–0.7)	50/570 (8.8; 6.6–11.4)
Not acting normally per parent	Nishijima [166]	<2 y	1/411 (0.2; 0–1.3)	4/185 (2.2; 0.6–5.4)

ciTBI definition: death, neurosurgical procedure, intubation for at least 24 h for TBI, or hospitalization for 2 or more nights because of the head trauma in association with TBI on cranial CT
TBI on CT: any acute traumatic intracranial fi nding or a skull fracture depressed by at least the width of the skull. Patients with isolated skull fractures that were not depressed by at least the width of the skull were not considered as having traumatic brain injury on CT;
NA not available

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