Table 4 Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in healthy children and adolescents living in Italy
Study | Period of enrolment | Number | M (%) | Age (range or as specified) | City/Region (Latitude) | % overweight | % obese | % receiving vitamin D | % not Caucasian | 25(OH)D assay | Severe deficiency, % [25(OH)D < 10 ng/ml] | Deficiency, % [25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] | Insufficiency, % [25(OH)D: 20–29.9 ng/ml] | Hypovitaminosis D, % [25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml] | Factors for associated with serum 25(OH)D levels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lippi G et al. [69] | June 2004–June 2007 | 192 | a | 1 week-17.9 years | Verona (45°N) | a | a | a | a | CL | 6.2 (< 11 ng/ml) | a | a | a | a |
Marrone G et al. [70] | July 2009–June 2010 | 93 | 41.9 | 2–220 months | Udine (46°N) | a | 11.8 | 33.3 | 14.0 | CL | 6.4 (< 5 ng/ml) | 54.8 | a | a | Ethnicity, BMI, seasonality |
Pacifico L et al. [71] | Nov 2008-Mar 2009; Nov 2009-Mar 2010 | 452 | 46.7 | b | Roma (41°N) | 67.2 (overweight or obese) | a | 0 | CL | a | 34.5 (< 17 ng/ml) | 33.0 (17–27 ng/ml) | 67.5 (< 27 ng/ml) | BMI | |
Lippi G et al. [72] | Oct 2008-Oct 2011 | 270 | 57.8 | 12.0–20.9 years | Parma (44°N) | a | a | a | a | CL | a | 19.3 | 36.3 | 55.6 | a |
Mazzoleni S et al. [73] | Nov 2010-June 2012 | 58 | 69.0 | 1.1–15.3 years | Padua (45°N) | 15.5 | 0 | a | 19.0 | CL | a | 50 | 27.6 | 77.6 | a |
Cadario F et al. [74] | June 2009-Sept 2009 | 62 | a | 1–3 days | Novara (45°N) | a | a | 56.5 (mothers) | 48.4 | CL | 46.3 | 75.6 | a | a | Ethnicity, maternal supplementation |
Vierucci F et al. [50] | Oct 2010-Sept 2012 | 652 | 49.7 | 2.0–21.0 years | Pisa (43°N) | 18.9 | 23.0 | 0 | 5.7 | RIA | 9.5 | 45.9 | 33.9 | 79.5 | Age, seasonality, ethnicity, BMI, sun exposure, sunscreen use |
Bellone S et al. [75] | Jan 2010-Oct 2012 | 557 | 51.5 | 11.2 ± 0.1 yearsc | Novara (45°N) | 79.7 (overweight or obese) | a | 0 | CL | a | Normal weight 31.8 | Normal weight 39.9 | Normal weight 71.7 | BMI, waist and hip circumference | |
Obese 44.4 | Obese 36.7 | Obese 81.1 | |||||||||||||
Franchi B et al. [76] | Jan 2010-Dec 2012 | 1374 | 53.9 | 0–16 years | Verona (45°N) | a | a | a | 16.4 | CL | a | Caucasian 44.2 | Caucasian 30.6 | Caucasian 74.8 | Age, seasonality, ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight, BMI |
Not Caucasian 75.9–89.7 | |||||||||||||||
Not Caucasian 44.8–69.2 | |||||||||||||||
Not Caucasian 16.0–31.1 | |||||||||||||||
Ciresi A et al. [77] | Jan 2011- Dec 2012 | 80d | 72.5 | 4.3–16.0 years | Sicily (37°N) | a | a | a | a | CL | a | 40.0 | 35.0 | 75.0 | Seasonality |
Stagi S et al. [78] | Sept 2010-Dec 2013 | 679 | 48.0 | 2.1–17.9 years | Florence (44°N) | 24.7 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 | CL | 20.5 | 58.7 | 30.0 | 88.7 | Age, seasonality, BMI, sun exposure, sunscreen use |
Vierucci F et al. [79] | Oct 2010-Sept 2012 | 427 | 50.0 | 10.0–21.0 years | Pisa (43°N) | 21.3 | 22.7 | 0 | 4.0 | RIA | 8.9 | 49.9 | 32.3 | 82.8 | Age, seasonality, BMI, ethnicity, sun exposure, sunscreen use |
Banzato C et al. [80] | Oct 2009-May 2010 | 32 | 65.6 | 7–16 years | Verona (45°N) | 100.0 | 0 | 0 | CL | 31.3 | 84.4 | a | a | a | |
Cadario F et al. [81] | Apr 2012-Mar 2013 | 533 | a | 1–3 days | Novara (45°N) | a | a | 58.2 (mothers) | 35.8 | TM | 33.3 | 85.4 | 12.5 | 97.9 | Season of birth, ethnicity, maternal supplementation |
Colao A et al. [82] | Oct 2012-Oct 2013 | 373 | 59.0 | 11–20 years | Campania (40°N) | 19.8 | 26.8 | 0 | a | CL | a | 1.6 | 79.4 | 19.0 | BMI, smoking, exercise performance |
Prodam F et al. [83] | July 2009-Dec 2013 | 575 | 50.2 | 6–18 years | Novara (45°N) | 28.2 | 71.8 | 0 | 0 | CL | a | 46.1 | 37.6 | 83.7 | Age, BMI, waist circumference, seasonality, UVR, sun exposure |
Di Nisio A et al. [84] | Oct 2013 | 108 | 100 | 11–14 years | Salerno (40°N) | 45.4 (overweight or obese) | 0 | a | CL | a | a | a | 83.3 | BMI | |