Table 1 Main reviewed articles and their principal features

Learning

Rogaten J et al., 2013 [15]

CS

Online survey

Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Evaluation Anxiety Scales

SA

Low academic outcomes,

reduction of concentration,

reduction of creativity,

reduction of comprehension,

reduction of organization

Kirschner PA et al., 2016 [16]

CS

Customized survey

Five sections of closed-response (e.g., Likert-type scaling) and open-response items.

SA

Lopez-Fernandez O et al., 2017 [18]

CS

Online survey

The dependence subscale of a short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire

SA

Arquero JL, at al., 2015 [22]

CS

Customized survey

New Study Process Questionnaire (N-SPQ-3f) and Academic Motivation Scale

Statistical and comparative subgroups’ analysis of the observed data

Rozgonjuk D et al., 2018 [24]

CS

Online survey

Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale and the Estonian Revised Study Process Questionnaire

SA

Sleep

Charter B et al., 2016 [25]

MA

RW

24 MeSH terms, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance

Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic

Increase of sleep latency,

increase of arousals,

reduction of sleep duration,

metabolic issues

Prather AA et al., 2014 [31]

CS

Longitudinal study

NA

SA

Caine N et al., 2010 [37]

DS

RW

Literature Research

SA

Bixler E, 2009 [41]

DS

RW

Literature Research

SA

Owens J, 2014 [42]

DS

RW

Literature Research

SA

Sight

Fenga C et al., 2014 [47]

CC

NA

Ocular examination and questionnaire

SA

Dry eye disease,

eye irritation and burning sensation,

conjunctival injection,

decrease visual acuity,

acute acquired comitant esotropia,

macular degeneration

Moon JH et al., 2014 [48]

CC

NA

Ocular examination and questionnaire

SA

Moon JH et al., 2016 [49]

CC

NA

Ocular examination and questionnaire

SA

Addiction

Chotpitayasunondh V et al., 2016 [54]

CS

Online survey

Phubbing questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), and Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS)

Statistical analysis of the observed data

Fear of missing out,

wish to remain constantly connected,

necessity to check continuously social app,

boredom,

lack of psychological involvement,

lack of interest

dissatisfaction

Wegmann E et al., 2016 [55]

CS

Survey

Modified Version of the Short Internet Addiction Test, internet-Use Expectancies Scale, Brief COPE, elf-Efficacy Scale, Brief Symptom Inventor,

Statistical analysis of the observed data

Choi SW et al., 2015 [60]

CS

Survey

Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Alcohol

Use Disorders Identification Test, the Beck Depression Inventory I, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait

Version), the Character Strengths Test, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

Multiple linear regression analyses of observed data

Long J et al., 2016 [62]

CS

Survey

Socio-demographic, smartphone use feature, problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ), Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (CFMPS), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Statistical analysis of the observed data

Jia R et al., 2016 [65]

CHS

Anonymous survey

Measurement scales to assess PIU and parental attachment (both maternal and paternal)

Ordinary least squares regression

Liu M et al. 2016 [67]

MA

PRISMA guideline

Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO systematically review

Generalised least squares trend estimation

Muscle

Lee JH et al., 2014 [81]

CC

Survey

Questionnaires

SA

Neck pain,

shoulder pain,

wrist and finger pain,

vehicle crashes,

traffic accident

Kang JH et al., 2012 [83]

CC

Survey

Computer software

SA

Collet C et al.,2010 [87]

DS

Survey

Questionnaires

SA

Distraction

Collet C et al.,2010 [87]

DS

Survey

Questionnaires

SA

Vehicle crashes, traffic accidents

Stelling-Konczak A et al., 2017 [90]

DS

Survey

Questionnaire

SA

Byington KW et al., 2013 [91]

CS

Survey

Virtual pedestrian street Questionnaire

SA

Bingham CR et al., 2015 [93]

DS

Survey

National sample of 403 parent-teen dyads using random-digit dialing telephone interviews.

Bingham CR et al., 2015 [93]

Cyberbullying

Tokunaga RS, 2010 [94]

RW

Survey

Questionnaires

SA

Social discomfort,

exclusion,

alienation,

Smith PK et al., 2008 [95]

DS

Survey

Questionnaires

SA

Hikikomori

Stip E et al., 2016 [105]

DS

RW

Medline up to 12th May, 2015 supplemented by a hand search of the bibliographies of all retrieved articles.

SA

Absence of human-human interaction and communication

Lee YS et al., 2013 [106]

CC

Interview

Participants’ Depression Inventory, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Social Anxiety Scale, and Internet Addiction Scale scores.

SA

Li TM et al., 2015 [107]

DS

RW

ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed, quantitative and qualitative studies of socially withdrawn youths published in English and academic peer-reviewed journals.

NA

Positive aspects

Ferrara P et al., 2014 [109]

DS

Customized internet-based

Newspaper indexes, news websites and internet search engines such as Google were used.

DS

Improvement of self-control,

improvement of communication among depressed children,

improvement of communication among insecure adolescents,

improvement of capacity to express opinions

Petry NM et al., 2014 [110]

RW

Experts’ estimations

Cross-cultural experts’ collaboration

NA

Ferrara P et al., 2018 [111]

DS

RW

NA

NA

Baer S et al., 2011 [112]

CS

Survey

Computer/Gaming-station Addiction Scale

SA