Table 1 Characteristics of the study participantsa
Baseline characteristics | Non-users | Iron supplementation | t/ χ2 | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age, yearb | 26.53 (4.77) | 27.03 (4.37) | −3.91 | <0.001 |
Residence | 143.40 | <0.001 | ||
Urban area | 5375 (20.09) | 482 (33.17) | ||
Rural area | 21,381 (79.91) | 971 (66.83) | ||
Economic status | 70.42 | <0.001 | ||
Low | 5123(19.15) | 223(15.35) | ||
Middle | 15,293(57.16) | 747(51.41) | ||
High | 6340(23.70) | 483(33.24) | ||
Mother’s education | 328.94 | <0.001 | ||
Primary school or less | 3299(12.33) | 57(3.92) | ||
Junior high school | 13,481(50.38) | 521(35.86) | ||
Senior high school or above | 9976(37.29) | 875(60.22) | ||
Passive smoking | 36.60 | <0.001 | ||
No | 20,051(74.94) | 1191(81.97) | ||
Yea | 6705(25.06) | 262(18.03) | ||
Folate supplementation | 71.66 | <0.001 | ||
No | 8802(32.90) | 323 (22.23) | ||
Yea | 17,954 (67.10) | 1130 (77.77) | ||
PIH | 0.02 | 0.894 | ||
No | 26,339 (98.44) | 1431 (98.49) | ||
Yea | 417 (1.56) | 22 (1.51) | ||
Anemia | 397.35 | <0.001 | ||
No | 23,021 (86.04) | 972 (66.90) | ||
Yea | 3735 (13.96) | 878 (33.10) | ||
Parity | 65.73 | <0.001 | ||
1 | 15,709 (58.71) | 1009 (69.44) | ||
≥ 2 | 11,047 (41.29) | 444 (30.56) | ||
Medication use | 31.15 | <0.001 | ||
No | 22,461 (83.95) | 1139 (78.39) | ||
Yes | 4295 (16.05) | 314 (21.61) | ||
Number of ANC visits | 184.28 | <0.001 | ||
<5 | 8821 (32.97) | 231 (15.90) | ||
≥ 5 | 17,935 (67.03) | 1222 (84.10) | ||
Preterm status | 7.50 | 0.006 | ||
No | 25,180 (94.11) | 1342 (92.36) | ||
Yes | 1576 (5.89) | 111 (7.64) | ||
Neonatal sex | 0.09 | 0.761 | ||
Boy | 14,675 (54.85) | 791 (54.44) | ||
Girl | 12,081 (45.15) | 662 (45.56) | ||