|
Characteristics
|
Cases (n = 146)
|
Controls (n = 292)
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Mother’s weight (kg)
|
|
< 50
|
4 (2.7)
|
9 (3.1)
|
0.88 (0.19–3.24)
|
0.842
|
|
≥ 50
|
142 (97.3)
|
283 (96.9)
|
1
| |
|
Mother’s height (m)
|
|
< 1.5 (short)
|
47 (32.2)
|
52 (17.8)
|
2.19 (1.34–3.55)
|
0.001*
|
|
≥ 1.5 (normal)
|
99 (67.8)
|
240 (82.2)
|
1
| |
|
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2)
|
|
< 18.5 (underweight)
|
4 (2.7)
|
9 (3.1)
|
1.26 (0.35–4.45)
|
0.715
|
|
18.5–24.9 (normal)
|
35 (23.9)
|
48 (16.4)
|
2.07 (1.11–3.87
|
0.022
|
|
25–29.9 (overweight)
|
81 (55.5)
|
161 (55.1)
|
1.43 (0.85–2.40)
|
0.176
|
|
≥ 30 (obese)
|
26 (17.8)
|
74 (25.3)
|
1
| |
|
Parity
|
|
Primiparous
|
83 (56.8)
|
148 (50.7)
|
1.28 (0.84–1.95)
|
0.223
|
|
Multiparous
|
63 (43.2)
|
144 (49.3)
|
1
| |
|
Gravidity
|
|
Primigravida
|
80 (54.8)
|
117 (40.1)
|
1.81 (1.18–2.76)
|
0.003*
|
|
Multigravida
|
66 (45.2)
|
175 (59.9)
|
1
| |
|
ANC Visits
|
|
< 4 times
|
60 (41.1)
|
60 (20.5)
|
2.69 (1.70–4.26)
|
< 0.001*
|
|
≥ 4 times
|
86 (58.9)
|
232 (79.5)
|
1
| |
|
Gestational age (weeks)
|
|
Preterm (< 37)
|
134 (91.8)
|
213 (72.9)
|
12.58 (1.66–94.84)
|
0.014*
|
|
Term (37–40)
|
11 (7.5)
|
59 (20.2)
|
3.72 (0.45–30.72)
|
0.221
|
|
Post term (> 40)
|
1 (0.7)
|
20 (6.9)
|
1
| |
|
Anaemia during pregnancy
|
|
Anaemic (Hb < 11.0 g/dl)
|
82 (56.2)
|
64 (21.9)
|
4.56 (2.90–7.16)
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Not anaemic (Hb ≥ 11.0 g/dl)
|
64 (43.8)
|
228 (78.1)
|
1
| |
|
Birth spacing
|
|
< 2 years
|
24 (29.3)
|
29 (15.4)
|
2.26 (1.15–4.39)
|
0.008*
|
|
≥ 2 years
|
58 (70.7)
|
159 (84.6)
|
1
| |
|
Previous abortion
|
|
Ever had
|
42 (28.8)
|
73 (25.0)
|
1.21 (0.75–1.93)
|
0.398
|
|
Never had
|
104 (71.2)
|
219 (75.0)
|
1
| |
- 1 = Reference group; *p-value < 0.05 is statistically significant
