Fig. 1

Overview of EoE pathogenesis (adapted from reference [59]). Bas, Basophils; Eos, Eosinophils; IL, Interleukin; iLC2, innate lymphoid cells type 2; iNKT, invariant Natural Killer T cells; Mast, mast cells; Th, T helper cells. Allergens stimulate the esophageal epithelium inducing TSLP, leading to stimulation of Th2 cells, NK cells, mast cells, basophils, and iLC2. These cells induce IL-4 which promotes Th2 differentiation. IL-4 and IL-13 induced by Th2 cells induce eotaxin-3 (CCL26), which stimulates eosinophils to secrete IL-5. IL-5, secreted by Th2 cells and mast cells, stimulate eosinophils as well. Mast cells also induce TGF-b1 which stimulate eosinophils and fibroblasts. Furthermore, IL-13 induces impaired barrier function and tissue remodeling