Table 4 Trials on IBD diet management

Gnocchetti et al. 2000 [71]

Randomized controlled trial

40

VSL#3 6 g/day or an identical placebo for 9 months

Clinically every month; endoscopically and histologically every 2 months

Oral administration of probiotics is effective in preventing flare-ups of chronic pouchitis

Welters et al. 2002 [73]

Randomized, double-blind, crossover study

20

24 g of inulin or placebo daily during three weeks

stools were analyzed after each test period for pH, short-chain fatty acids, microflora, and bile acids. Inflammation was assessed endoscopically, histologically, and clinical

enteral inulin supplementation leads to a decrease of inflammation-associated factors and a reduction of inflammation of pouch mucosa

Sakamoto et al. 2005 [62]

Case–control study

239

Questionnaire

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sweets were positively associated with UC

Miele et al. 2009 [76]

Prospective, 1-year, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

29

Randomized to receive VSL#3 (n = 14) or an identical placebo (n = 15)

1 month, 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year after diagnosis valuated with Lichtiger colitis activity index

Remission in 13 patients treated with VSL#3 and IBD therapy and in 4 patients treated with placebo and IBD therapy (P < 0.001)

Gearry et al. 2010 [60]

Population-based case–control study

1291

Questionnaire

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childhood vegetable garden was protective against IBD as was having been breastfed with a duration-response effect

Hansen et al. 2011 [61]

Case–control study

123

Questionnaire

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Being breastfed > 6 months decreased the risk for IBD

Arie Levine et al. 2019 [66]

Prospective trial

74

A group CDED plus formula for 6 weeks followed by CDED with PEN from weeks 7 to 12; a group: EEN for 6 weeks followed by free diet, 25% PEN

Dietary tolerance, ITT remission at week 6 and corticosteroid-free ITT remission at week12

CDED plus PEN induced sustained remission