Table 3 Main clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of early and late CS (modified by Cooper JM et al., 2018 [12])
Early Congenital Syphilis | Late Congenital Syphilis | |
|---|---|---|
Signs and symptoms | Preterm birth, stillbirth Nonimmune hydrops fetalis Intrauterine growth restriction/small for gestational age Hepatomegaly with or without jaundice Splenomegaly Skin rash Adenopathy (characteristically palpable epitrochlear nodes), rhinitis (snuffles) Mucus patch Condylomata lata Pseudoparalysis of Parrot Chorioretinitis, cataract Central nervous system: asymptomatic invasion, cranial nerve palsies, seizures | Dentition: Hutchinson’s teeth, Mulberry molars Eye: interstitial keratitis, healed chorioretinitis Eighth nerve deafness Rhagades Central nervous system: cognitive disability, hydrocephalus, seizures, optic nerve atrophy, juvenile general paresis, cranial nerve palsies Bone/Joint: frontal bossing, saddle nose deformity, protuberant mandible, short maxilla, high palatal arch, saber shin, sternoclavicular joint thickening (Higouménakis sign), Clutton’s joints |
Laboratory tests | Anemia, thrombocytopenia Hypoglycemia Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, elevated protein content Liver transaminitis and direct hyperbilirubinemia | |
Radiographic findings | Bone abnormalities: periostitis, osteochondritis. Pneumonia alba | |
Other manifestations | Nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, myocarditis, fever, gastrointestinal malabsorption, hypopituitarism (diabetes insipidus) |