Table 2 Main findings from studies on vascular anomalies including aberrant innominate artery
Author [Reference] N of cases | Age | Presenting features (% of cases) | Diagnosis at admission (%) | Diagnostic procedures | Final diagnosis (%) | Therapeutic approach (%) | Indications for surgery | Long-term follow-up (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fearon [17] 104 cases | 0–11 yrs | Cyanosis Stridor Apnea | Tracheoesophageal fistula Thymus enlargement Laryngomalacia Cystic fibrosis Hiatus hernia Foreign body Asthma; RRI | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Angiogram | AIA (66%) DAA (11%) RAA (3%) PAS (3%) ARSA (2%) Others (7%) Unknown (8%) | Operative Conservative | NA | NA |
Mustard [20] 285 cases | 0–3 yrs | NA | NA | NA | AIA (100%) | Operative (14%) Conservative (86%) | Apnea and/or > 2 episodes of tracheabronchitis or pneumonia | Resolution (60%)a or persistence of symptoms (25%)a Poor outcome (15%)a |
Eklof [21] 30 cases | 0–5 yrs | Stridor; Wheezing Belly cough Hoarse voice Respiratory distress RRI; Dysphagia Cyanosis | NA | Esophagography Chest x-ray Angiogram | AIA (13%) DAA (47%) RAA (17%) ARSA (13%) PAS (10%) | Operative (97%) Conservative (3%) | Stridor RRI Cyanosis Dysphagia | Complete (40%) or partial resolution (20%) Persistence of symptoms (13%) Death (27%) |
Moes [27] 90 cases | NA | Stridor (83%) Apnea (26%) RRI (32%) | NA | Esophagography Tracheography Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Angiogram | AIA (100%) | Operative (67%) Conservative (33%) | Apnea and/or respiratory distress with severe tracheal narrowing | Complete resolution (57%)a partial resolution (28%) or persistence of symptoms (15%)a |
Welz [26] 16 cases | 0–1 yrs | Stridor (75%) RRI (50%) Apnea (44%) | NA | Tracheography Bronchoscopy Angiograms | AIA (100%) | Operative (37.5%) Conservative (62.5%) | Apnea | Resolution of symptoms (100%) |
Marmon [14] 54 cases | 0–10 yrs | Dysphagia Wheezing Stridor Apnea RRI | NA | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Angiogram | AIA (18%) DAA (44%) RAA (31%) PAS (5%) | Operative (100%) | NA | Resolution (87%) or persistence of symptoms (2%) Death (2%) Lost on follow up (9%) |
Strife [28] 936 cases | 0–17 yrs | Normal population (n =  807) Congenital heart disease (n = 129) | NA | Chest X-ray Angiogram | AIA (30%)b | NA | NA | NA |
Ardito [29] 78 cases | 0–8 yrs | Apnea (36%) Stridor (32%) Cough (14%) RRI (14%) | NA | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest X-ray Angiogram | AIA (100%) | Operative (42%) Conservative (58%) | Apnea | Resolution (85%) or persistence of symptoms (15%)a |
Hawkins [25] 29 cases | 0–15 yrs | Apnea (59%) Stridor (24%) RRI (14%) Exercise-asthma and stridor (3%) | NA | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest MRI Chest CT | AIA (100%) | Operative (100%) | Apnea and/or > 2 tracheobronchitis or pneumonia and/or severe stridor | Resolution (93%) or persistence of symptoms (7%) |
Anand [30] 41 cases | 0–3 yrs | NA | NA | NA | AIA (19%) DAA (44%) RAA (27%) PAS (10%) | Operative (100%) | NA | Resolution (70%) or persistence of symptoms (30%) |
Adler [18] 25 cases | 0–8 yrs | Stridor (100%) Apnea (32%) RRI (28%) Cyanosis (24%) | Asthma (24%) | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Angiogram | AIA (100%) | Operative (100%) | Tracheal compression  > 50% Stridor apnea Recurrent pneumonia Uncontrolled asthma | Resolution (96%) or persistence of symptoms (4%) |
Jones [16] 12 cases | 0–3 yrs | Stridor (100%) Feeding troubles (75%) Cyanosis (25%) Apnea (8%) Respiratory arrest (33%) | NA | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Chest CT | AIA (100%) | Operative (100%) | Cyanosis Apnea Feeding troubles | Resolution (100%) |
Erwin [23] 45 cases | 0–11 yrs | Stridor (73%) Apnea (47%) Bark cough (31%) Retractions (24%) RRI (20%) Airway anomaly (20%) Dysphagia (16%) | Tracheoesophageal fistula (16%) Asthma (4%) Subglottic stenosis (2%) | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Angiogram Chest MRI | AIA (75%) LAV (22%) ARSA (2%) | Operative (100%) | Moderate tosevere symptoms | Resolution (87%) or persistence of symptoms (9%) Death (2%) Tracheotomy (2%) |
McLaughling [19] 35 cases | 0–17 yrs | Stridor or wheezing (100%) RRI (47%) Apnea (20%) Dysphagia (14%) Chronic cough (14%) Failure to thrive (11%) Aspiration pneumonia (6%) Vomiting (6%) | DiGeorge syndrome (3%) VATER (3%) Pectus excavatum (3%) Subglottic hemangioma (3%) Atrial septal defect (3%) Incarcerated hernia (3%) Gastroesophageal reflux (3%) Down syndrome (3%) Cerebral palsy (3%) | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Chest MRI Chest CT | AIA (9%) DAA (54%) RAA (31%) LAV (3%) PAS (3%) | Operative (100%) | NA | Resolution (71%) or persistence of symptoms (20%) Lost on follow-up (9%) |
Gormley [15] 16 cases | 0–10 yrs | Stridor (100%) Chronic cough (75%) Dyspnea (75%) Apnea (60%) RRI (56%) Dysphagia (25%) | Laryngomalacia (12%) Asthma (12%) Recurrent croup (12%) Sleep apnea (6%) | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Fluoroscopy Chest X-ray Angiogram Chest CT | AIA (94%) DAA (6%) | Operative (75%) Conservative (25%) | Apnea Exercise intolerance RRI unresponsive to treatment | Resolution of symptoms (75%) Mild/residual stridor (25%) |
Woods [12] 82 cases | 0–12 yrs | Stridor (46%) RRI (35%) Feeding difficulty (15%) | Suspected tracheoesophageal compression | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest X-ray Angiogram Chest MRI Chest CT | AIA (24%) DDA (38%) RAA (27%) ARSA (5%) PAS (4%) ALSA (2%) | Operative (100%) | Persistent symptoms of tracheo esophageal compression | Complete resolution (70%) partial resolution (19%) or symptoms of complications (11%) |
Malik [22] 29 cases | 0–5 yrs | Stridor (69%) Cyanosis (31%) Apnea (21%) Choking episodes (14%) RRI (7%) | NA | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Angiogram Chest MRI | AIA (38%) DAA (10%) RAA (7%) Others (17.5%) None (27.5%) | Operative (24%) Conservative (76%) | Severe or complicated# cases | NA |
Grimmer [24] 22 cases | 0–7 yrs | Stridor (86%) Cyanosis (50%) Apnea (41%) Cough (41%) Intubation (9%) Failure to thrive (9%) Dysphagia (9%) Ventilator need (4%) | NA | Bronchoscopy Angiogram Chest MRI Chest CT | AIA (100%) | Operative (100%) | Apnea Cyanosis Dyspnea Failure to thrive Oxygen/ Ventilator dependence | Complete/partial resolution (95%) or persistence of symptoms (5%) |
Gardella [11] 28 cases | 0–13 yrs | Apnea (53%) RRI (50%) Chronic cough (46%) Dyspnea (32%) Stridor (21%) Wheezing (14%) | GER (35%) Overweight (21%) Atopy (14%) Asthma (14%) Laryngomalacia (7%) Emotional paroxysm (3%) | Esophagography Bronchoscopy Chest MRI Chest CT | AIA (100%) | Operative (57%) Conservative (43%) | Severe symptoms, also including QoL No improvement after conservative treatment | Resolution of symptoms (100%) |
Ghezzi [10] 209 cases | 6.4 yrs | Barking cough (100%) RRI (20%) Exercise induced cough (17%) Dysphagia (6%) Stridor (4%)c | Bronchial obstruction (14%) Atopy (18%) GER disease (22%)c | Bronchoscopy Chest CT | AIA (25%) RAA (4%) DAA (2%) ARSA (1%) None (67%) | Operative (20%) Conservative (80%)c | Severe symptoms, also including QoL No improvement after conservative treatmentd | Faster improvement of symptoms in the operative versus the conservative groupd |